Heart failure Flashcards
____ ejection fraction, thin ventricle walls, dilated LV chamber d/t systolic dysfunction is what what kind of heart failure?
decreased ejection fraction– HFrEF
____ ejection fraction, thick ventricle walls, small LV chamber d/t diastolic dysfunction is what what kind of heart failure?
normal or increased ejection fraction– HFpEF
structural or functional impairment of heart causing reduced blood ejection and/or increased filling pressure
heart failure
predisposing factors to HF
- mostly coronary artery disease
- HTN
- valvular heart dz
- diabetes
- pulmonary disorders
which type of HF has increaed LV diastolic pressure, LA pressure, pulmonary venous pressure
HFpEF
top 3 causes of HFpEF
- longstanding HTN
- LVH
- valvular heart dz
top 3 causes of HFrEF
- MI is most common
- myocarditis
- dilated cardiomyopathy
top 4 causes of L sided HF
- CAD is most common
- HTN
- valvular dz
- cardiomyopathies
top 3 causes of R sided HF
- L sided HF most common
- pulmonary dz
- mitral stenosis
CAD is the most common cause of this type of HF
L sided HF
MI is the most common cause of this type of HF
HFrEF
these all describe mechanism of ____ sided HF?
- Ischemic damage to myocytes
- Pressure overload: hypertension or stenotic valve dz
- Volume overload or high output demand: anemia, congenital shunts, valve regurgitation
- Non-ischemic primary muscle cell failure
Left sided
these are sx of what?
- pulmonary edema
- dyspnea
- fatigue
- cough worse at night
* rales on exam
sx of L sided HF
these are mechanisms for ____ sided heart failure
- RV MI, ARVD
- Volume overload states: chronic L to R shunts, R sided valve regurgitation
- Afterload increase: left heart failure, pulmonary HTN
right
these are sx of what
- peripheral edema
- jugular venous distension
- GI & hepatic congestion– ascites
- anorexia, nausea
sx of R sided HF
two equations for stroke volume
- (LVEDV-LVESV)/ LVEDV
- SV/LVEDV
what percent EF is ICD shown to help?
< 35%
what stage do we employ these management therapies?
- hospice
- chronic inotropic infusio therapy
- LV assist device therapy
- cardiac transplant & high risk intervention
stage D
3 compensatory mechanism the body does after initial myocardial injury
- activates RAAS
- increases sympathetic activity
- ventricular remodeling
what is chene-stokes breathing and what stage do you see it?
- deeper, faster breathing w gradual decrease & periods of apnea; cyanosis
- seen in advanced disease (stage D)
what NYHA functional class does this describe?
no sx, no limitation during ordinary physical activity
class I
what NYHA functional class does this describe?
mild sx of dyspnea and/or angina
slight limitation during ordinary activity
Class II
what NYHA functional class does this describe?
sx cause marked limitation in activity even w/ minimal exertion
comfortable only at rest
Class III
what NYHA functional class does this describe?
sx even while at rest, severe limitations and inability to carry out physical activity
Class IV
