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physiology > Heart Exam > Flashcards

Heart Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Striated, branched, contain many mitochondria, and are under involuntary control

A

Cardiac cells

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2
Q

make up the heart and are responsible for its rythmic contractions, which pump blood throughout the body.

A

Cardiac Cells

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3
Q

crucial for the heart contractions, involve distinct phases driven by the movement of ions.

A

Cardiac action potentials

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4
Q

What ions are involved in the heart

A

Sodium, potassium, and calcium

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5
Q

A network of specialized cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses

A

Conduction system

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6
Q

Located in the Right atrtium, acts as the pacemaker, generates electrical impulses

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

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7
Q

situated between the atria and ventricles, it delays the electrical impulses

A

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

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8
Q

A thick bundle of tissue that extends from the AV node into the ventricles

A

Bundle of His

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9
Q

Divide from bundle of his and carry impulses to the respective ventricles

A

Bundle Branches

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10
Q

A network of thin fibers that branch out from the bundle Branches and distribute electrical impulsess throughout the ventricular walls, stimulating their contraction

A

Purkinje Fibers

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11
Q

Generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers to contract

A

SA node

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12
Q

Acting as a gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles

A

AV node

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13
Q

2 pathways in the heart that carry electrical impulses to the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart

A

Bundle branches

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14
Q

specialized nerve cells located in the heart that play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

A

Purkinje Fibers

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15
Q

A medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

A

ECG

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16
Q

represents atrial depolarization

A

P wave

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17
Q

time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarizaion

A

PR interval

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18
Q

Represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

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19
Q

represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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20
Q

regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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21
Q

increases heart rate and strengthens heart contractions. releases hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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22
Q

slows heart rate and reduces the force of heart contractions

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

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23
Q

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

A

cardiac output

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24
Q

The total amount of blood circulating in the body

A

Blood volume

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25
refers to the thickness and resistnace of blood to flow
Blood Viscosity
26
resistance in the circulatory system that is used to create blood pressure, the flow of blood,
Peripheral Resistance
27
the volume of blood pumped out of the hearts left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction
Stroke Volume
28
the difference in pressure between 2 fluids in a confined volume
Capillary pressure
29
The movement of fluid across capillary walls
Net forces
30
the pressure exerted by the fluid within the capilarries and the interstitial fluid
Hydrostatic Pressure
31
the pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma, which draws fluid back into the capillaries
Osmotic Pressure
32
Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
Cardiac output formula
33
End- Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End- Systolic Volume (ESV)
Stroke Volume Formula
34
The number of times the heart beats per minute
Heart Rate
35
internal factors and external factors
Blood Vessel diameter
36
Crucial hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance by comtrolling sodium and water reabsorption, vascular tone, and aldosterone secretion.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)
37
An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that initiates the system
Renin
38
A protein produced by the liver that is converted to angiotensin l by renin
Angiotensinogen
39
A precursor to angiotensin ll, converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin l
40
A potent hormone that constricts blood vessels and stimulates the release of aldosterone
Angiotensin ll
41
A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure
Aldosterone
42
a cardiac hormone released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and pressure
ANH (ANP)
43
a central compartment within the thoracic cavity that houses various organs and structures
Mediastinum
44
the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. 
Pulmonary Circulation
45
the movement of blood throughout the body, excluding the lungs
Systemic circulation
46
a medical procedure involving repeated compression of a patient's chest, performed in an attempt to restore the blood circulation and breathing of a person who has suffered cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
47
visceral pericardium; serous membrane;smooth outer surface of heart
Epicardium
48
middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility fro heart contracting
Myocardium
49
smooth inner surface of heart chambers
Endocardium
50
muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall
pectinate muscles
51
muscular ridges and columns on inside of ventricles
Trabeculae carnae
52
extensions of atria
Auricles
53
large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart
Superior vena cava
54
a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart
Inferior vena cava
55
A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
56
a groove on the surface of the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles
coronary sulcus
57
a surgical procedure that connects 2 tubular structures
anastomoses
58
drains blood from the left side of the heart
Great cardiac vein
59
drains right margin of heart
small cardiac vein
60
veins empty here then into the right atrium
coronary sinus
61
dense bands of tough, elastic tissue, primarily composed of collagen, that form cardiac skeleton and encircle the bases of heart valves, providing structural support and electrical insulation
Fibrous rings
62
crucial for storing and releasing calcium ions (Ca2+) that are essential for muscle contraction and relaxation
Saecoplasmic reticulum
63
allow action potentials to move from 1 cell to the next
Gap junctions
64
hold cells together
desmosomes
65
cardiac muscle cell completly insensitive to further stimulation
absolute refractory period
66
cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation
Relative refractory period
67
contraction of a chamber
systole
68
relaxation of a chamber
diastole
69
small, downward deflection in the arterial pressure waveform that marks the of systole and the beginning of diastole, and is caused by the closure of the aortic valve and the elastic recoil of the arterial vasculature
dicrotic notch
70
slightly less than average blood pressure in aorta
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
71
difference between CO at rest and maximum CO
Cardiac reserve
72
the total resistance against which blood must be pumped
Peripheral Resistance
73
results from normal heart function
intrinsic regulation
74
involves neural/hormonal control
extrinsic regulation
75
amount of stretch of the ventricular walls
preload
76
pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in the aorta and move blood into the aorta
afterload
77
the relationship between the hearts ability to increase contractility and the stretch or tension of the cardiac muscle fibers
Starlings law of the heart
78
regulate heart ability to maintain homeostasis of Ph and blood gas valves
chemoreceptor reflexes
79
innermost layer of the blood vessel wall
Tunica intima
80
the middle layer of the walls of blood vessels
tunica media
81
smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow
vasoconstriction
82
smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow
vasodilation
83
also known as the adventitia, the outermost layer of the walls of blood vessels and other tubular organs
tunica externa

physiology (4 decks)

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