Exam 2 Flashcards by madison Kling

A type of muscle that contracts slowly and is fatigue resistant

Slow-Twitch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tension maintained but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to lengthen

Eccentric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decrease in muscle size

Atrophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The gap between neurons

Synapse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An elongated protein attached to actin

Tropomyosin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiological mechanisms that regulate the secretion and action of hormones associated with the endocrine system

Hormone regulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Region in A band where actin and myosin do not overlap

H zone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurs in absence of oxygen results in breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase in muscle size

hypertrophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The gap between adjacent neurons

Synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Change in length but tension constant

Isotonic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Central dark-staining region; overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments ( except at center)

A bands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stress hormone

Cortisol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stimulate milk production in mammary glands

Prolactin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys

Vasopressin (ADH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increases blood calcium levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elastic chains of amino acids; make muscles extensible and elastic

Titin filaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shortens

Concentric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or glans

Motor neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Promotes the release of growth hormone

Growth hormone-releaasing hormone (GHRH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fast ATPase, few mitochondria, increased lactic acid production and powerful. Appendicular muscles

Fast-twitch fatigable

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Acetylcholine (ACh)

No change in length but tension increases; postural muscles of the body

Isometric

The flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

Motor end plate

Promotes reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

Mineralcorticoids

Muscle cells

Muscle fibers

A glycoprotein produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Triggers ovulation. Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone and promotes sperm production

Lutenizing hormone

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of bones

Growth hormone

Thin filaments

Actin

Stimulates sperm production in the testes. Stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries, and promotes egg production, and regulates the menstrual cycle

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Low-energy that can be converted to ATP

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in the brain that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions

Dopamine

Filamentous network of protein. Serves as attachment for actin myofilaments

Z disk

Helps control alertness and arousal

Norepinephrine

The contractile proteins, actin and myosin of muscle cells

Myofilaments

Lowers blood calcium levels

Calcitonin

Compound used by cells to store and release energy

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The depolarization of the motor end plate on a muscle cell

End plate potential

A hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin

Glucagon

A hormone that regulates water balance in the body

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Stores calcium

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Contractile unit of muscle

Sarcomere

A low-energy compound that results from the removal of two phosphate groups from ATP

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Promotes secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Raises blood sugar levels

Glucocorticoids

Anterior pituitary hormones, follicles stimuilating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) which stimulate the gonads (ovaries and testes) to produce gametes and to secrete sex steroids

Gonadotropins

Synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Middle of H zone, delicate filaments holding myosin in place

M line

A mechanism of response on which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Negative feedback

Composed of 3 subunits: one that binds to actin, a second that binds to that tropomyosin, and a third that binds to calcium ions

troponin

Lighter-straining regions, each containong a z-disk and extends to ends of myosin myofilaments

I bands

Type (II) A muscle fiber type with a activation frequency greater than type I fibers and a relatively long time to fatigue. Intermediary magnitude of power

Fast twitch fatigue resistant

Muscle cell membrane

Sarcolemma

Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

This hormone stimulates thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Binds most t3/t4 in blood; only free hormone is active

Thyroxine-binding Globulin (TBG)

Axon terminal with synaptic vesicles

Presynaptic terminal

Inhibits release of growth hormone

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Triiodothyronine

Adrenaline

Epinephrine

A neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels down axon

Action potential

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Proteins

A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Insulin

Hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones

Tropic hormones

Requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water

Aerobic respiration

Increases basic metabolic rate

Thyroid hormone

Hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin

Somatostatin

Male sex hormone

Testosterone

Female sex hormone

Estrogen