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Nutritional Physiology > Heart Disease & Nutrition and Gut microbiome > Flashcards

Heart Disease & Nutrition and Gut microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

CHD statistics

A
  • leading cause of death in Australia
  • claimed 18950 lives in 2017 (12% of all deaths)
  • kills 51 Australians each day
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2
Q

What is CHD?

A

Pathological changes in the walls of the coronary arteries that reduce blood flow to the cardiac muscle

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3
Q

How much oxygen does the heart use?

A

Rest: 8mL/min per 100g

Heavy exercise: 70mL/min per 100g

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4
Q

Insufficient O2=

A

Insufficient pumping = insufficient cardiac output

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5
Q

When is cardiac blood flow less?

A

During systole

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6
Q

Why is CBF less during systole?

A

Myocytes compress coronary arteries

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7
Q

What does CBF depend on?

A
  1. Extra vascular compression from contracting myocytes

2. Perfusion pressure in aorta

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8
Q

What is the oxygen extraction in the heart?

A

14ml/100ml

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9
Q

How can you increase oxygen supply to the heart?

A

Only way is by increasing BF

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10
Q

The heart, exercise and CBF

A
  • exercise: increased systole, decreased diastole

- disease: flow only flow during diastole

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11
Q

What are the causes of CHD?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Artherosclerosis
  3. Other complications (eg thromboembolism)
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12
Q
  1. Vascular spasm
A
  • constriction that transiently narrows coronary vessels
  • reversible and usually no long-term damage
  • triggers: cold exposure, physical exertion, anxiety
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13
Q

What are the causes of vascular spasms?

A
  • increase of noradrenaline on alpha receptors
  • heightened responses to ACh (muscarinic receptors)
  • deficient basal secretion of nitric oxide (secreted by endothelium, potent vasodilator)
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14
Q

What forms an atherosclerotic plague?

A

Cholesterol, calcium and WBC

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15
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

Plaque breaks through weak endothelial lining, exposing collagen to which blood platelets stick and form a blood clot

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16
Q

What is the collateral ‘safety net’ system?

A

In the event of one of the major arteries being blocked, collateral blood vessels are pushed open and blood is diverted (can increase in size)

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17
Q

There is a ………. number of collateral blood vessels

A

Finite

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18
Q

What are the uncontrollable risk factors for CHD?

A

Age
Gender
Heredity

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19
Q

What are the controllable risk factors for CHD?

A 
Hypertension
High blood cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Physical activity
Diabetes 
Stress
20
Q

How does hypertension cause CHD?

A

Induces endothelial dysfunction

21
Q

How do obesity and diabetes cause CHD?

A
  • both cause hypertension
  • hyperglycaemia causes glycosylation of arterial wall -> atherosclerosis
  • hyperglycaemia increases the formation of reactive oxygen species -> increases formation of oxidised cholesterol
22
Q

How does smoking cause CHD?

A
  • lowers HDL level -> atherosclerosis
  • nicotine causes vasoconstriction
  • CO reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood
  • increases levels of circulating fibrinogen -> increases chances of clots being formed
23
Q

Smoking 1 cigarette a day increases the chances of CHD …… for men and ….. for women

24
Q

What is the Mediterranean diet characterised by?

A
  • lots of fruits, vegetables, bread, grains, beans, nuts and seeds
  • olive oil as main source of fat
  • dairy products, fish and poultry
  • little red meat
  • red wine in moderation
25
What is the treatment for CHD?
Lifestyle changes Medication (nitroglycerin) By-pass surgery
26
Exercise and CHD risk
- reduces obesity - lowers HDL - lowers LDL and total cholesterol - helps control diabetes and hypertension
27
Why is olive oil beneficial?
- high levels of monounsaturated fats (oleic-acid) - phenols are potent inhibitors of reactive oxygen species and protect against lipid and lipoprotein oxidation - associated with reduced thrombogenesis - anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects
28
The Mediterranean diet promotes a ......... gut microbiome
Diverse
29
What is the Mediterranean diet associated with a lower risk for?
- dyslipidemia - hypertension - abnormal glucose metabolism - CHD - cerebrovascular diseases - Alzheimer’s
30
What is a microbiota?
Collection of micro organisms
31
What is a microbiome?
Collection of genomes of microbes (viruses, bacteria, funguses and bacteriophages)
32
What is dysbiosis?
Shift in microbial composition away from what it is seen in health
33
Gut microbiota weight can reach up to .......
1-2 kg
34
..... percent of bacteria is located in the gut
95
35
Bacteria are ...... times smaller than human cells
10-50
36
How many microbial genes are present in the microbiome?
2,000,000 (humans 23,000)
37
What is dysbiosis linked to?
- type 1 diabetes - food allergies - eczema - asthma - liver function - obesity - IBS - autism - mood disorders
38
Gut microbiome stability .......... throughout life and then ............ in late age
Increases, decrease
39
What are the benefits of fibre?
- increased stool bulk - dilution of carcinogens in colonic lumen - reduces transit time (improves gut health) - bacterial fermentation of fibre to short chain fatty acids (different fibres are fermented in different parts of the colon)
40
What is resistant starch?
Starch which is not digested in the SI and is broken down in the colon by bacteria
41
Which foods include resistant starch?
- form bananas - beans - cold potatoes - high amylase maize
42
What is the importance of short chain fatty acids in the gut?
Acetate, propionate and butyrate have antineoplastic properties
43
What does butyrate do in the gut?
- maintains colonic mucosal health and defence - proffered energy source for colonocytes - promotes apoptosis of potential cancer cells and proliferation of healthy cells
44
What are the antineoplastic properties of SCFAs?
- histones deacetylase inhibitors - down regulate the key canonical Wnt-signalling pathway linked to colonic carcinogenesis - reduces the burden of carcinogens such as bile acids and red meat products
45
Why is red meat carcinogenic?
- haem is broken down into N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) - NOCs damage bowel cells, so other cells have to replicate to compensate - extra replication leads to more chances of errors developing in DNA

Nutritional Physiology (13 decks)

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