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Nutritional Physiology > Energy From Food, Appetite & Satiety > Flashcards

Energy From Food, Appetite & Satiety Flashcards

1
Q

How is obesity clinically defined?

A

The level of body fat associated with increased morbidity and decreased life expectancy

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2
Q

What are the risks of obesity?

A
  • diabetes
  • CHD
  • osteoarthritis
  • male cancers: prostate and colon
  • female cancers: breast and endometrial
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3
Q

What is energy intake determined by?

A

Appetite

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4
Q

Orexigenic agents ….. appetite

A

Increase

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5
Q

Anorexic agents ……. appetite

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Examples of orexigenic agents

A
  • neuropeptide-Y

- Agouti related transcript

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7
Q

Examples of anorexic agents

A

Alpha- melanocyte stimulating hormone
Cocaine
Amphetamine related transcript

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8
Q

What makes up daily energy expenditure?

A
  • 60%: basal metabolic rate
  • 5-15%: dietary and obligatory thermogenesis
  • 20-30%: activity
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9
Q

The increase in body weight in response to over feeding ……………. proportional to the excess ingested energy

A

Is not

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10
Q

What regulates appetite in the short term?

A

Stomach stretch - stomach stretch (lap banding) or bypass procedures

  • cholecystokinin
  • glucagon like peptide 1
  • PYY
  • Ghrelin
  • insulin
  • gala in
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11
Q

What controls appetite in the long term?

A

Venetomedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus

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12
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Increases satiety
Destroyed= hyperphagia
Inhibits lateral hypothalamus

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13
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Increases appetite

Destroyed = fatal anorexia

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14
Q

Leptin

A
  • secreted by fat

- decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure

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15
Q

Ob gene

A

Leptin production gene, leptin deficiency

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16
Q

Db gene

A

Leptin receptor gene, leptin resistance

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17
Q

How common are leptin deficiency and leptin resistance?

A
  • deficiency is rare: 10-15%

- relative resistance is common, absolute resistance is rare

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18
Q

What does leptin do at the hypothalamus?

A
  • Ob-re is a soluble receptor
  • Ob-Rb has intracellular activity: Janas kinase
  • kinases act on signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3)
  • STAT3 switches on and off gene expression
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19
Q

What is the formula for chemical potential energy?

A

Ux = nRT x ln [x]1/[x]2

Big number over small number

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20
Q

What is the formula for electrical potential energy?

A

EPE = q x V

Charge x voltage

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21
Q

What is the equation for calculating charge?

A

ue = zFn x V

Valence x Faradays constant x moles

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22
Q

What is Faraday’s constant?

A

96,500

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23
Q

Millivolts to volts

A

Move decimal 3 places to left

24
Q

What is the temperature in K for body temperature?

A

310

25
Q

What is R equal to?

A

8.314

26
Q

1 calorie = …. kJ

A

4.2

27
Q

Thermodynamic limits of pumps

A

The energy from ATP use must be greater than the sum of the chemical and electrical potential energy

28
Q

What is the equation for calculating energy in a chemical reaction?

A

uc = delta G naught prime + nRT x ln [products]/[reactants]

29
Q

What is delta G naught?

A

The energy change when all reactants are present in 1 mol and STP, called standard state

Biochemists: pH=7.4, aqueous solution, 37 degrees C

30
Q

What is the standard state for ATP?

A

-7.5Kcal/mol

31
Q

Why is standard state for ATP negative?

A

ADP and Pi have 7.5Kcal less that ATP

32
Q

Moving ATP/ADP …….. equilibrium provides energy to move other reactions ………. from equilibrium

A

Towards, away

33
Q

What is the measured chemical potential energy of ATP hydrolysis?

A
  • 12Kcal/mol

- varies with ATP/ADP ratio

34
Q

Is any oxygen consumed in glycolysis?

A

No

35
Q

Use/gain of ATP in glycolysis

A
  • uses 2
  • gains 4
  • net gain of 2
36
Q

1 glucose produces how many pyruvates in glycolysis?

A

2 - have 3 C each

37
Q

Exchange rate between ATP and GTP

A

1 GTP = 1 ATP

38
Q

Exchange rate between FADH2 and ATP

A

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

39
Q

Exchange rate between NADH and ATP

A

1 NADH = 3 ATP

40
Q

What is pyruvate converted into?

A
  • lactate in anaerobic

- Acetyl CoA in aerobic

41
Q

When is CO2 produced in glycolysis?

A

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (2 mol per mol of glucose)
Comes from glucose

42
Q

What happens after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate enters mitochondria

43
Q

What happens in TCA cycle?

A
  • pyruvate reacts with NAD and CoA
  • produces NADH and CO2 (2 mol per 1 mol glucose)
  • Acetyl CoA goes onto oxidation
44
Q

What switches respiration from aerobic to a aerobic after the TCa cycle?

A

Increased NADH or acetylCoA

45
Q

What is produced in TCA cycle? (6)

A
  • no O2
  • 4 CO2 per glucose
  • O2 from food or water
  • 4 C in, 4 leave as CO2 per glucose
  • 2 GTP per glucose
  • 6 NADH per glucose
  • 2 FADH2 per glucose
46
Q

Oxidation of food in TCA cycle has produced…….

A

Reduced FADH2 and NADH far from equilibrium

47
Q

Food is oxidised with……… and ………

A

NAD and FAD

48
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of H+ pumps

49
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

Series of oxidation and reduction reactions using molecular oxygen to produce water

50
Q

NADH powers …. hydrogen pumps

A

3

51
Q

FADH2 powers … hydrogen pumps

A

2

52
Q

What is the results of H+ ion movement in the electron transport chain?

A
  • -140mV potential (inside negative)

- 1.4 pH difference (25 fold difference)

53
Q

How is ATP generated from NADH and FADH2?

A

Large H+ ion electrochemical gradient gradient runs ATP synthase backwards - makes ATP instead of using ATP

54
Q

How much ATP is produced in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • 2

- 36

55
Q

Where is energy gained from in ATP synthesis?

A

Oxidation of C-C and C-H bonds

56
Q

Converting from KJ to Kcal

A

Divide by 4.2

57
Q

Converting from KCal to KJ

A

x by 4.2

Nutritional Physiology (13 decks)

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