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Nutritional Physiology > Energy From Food, Appetite & Satiety > Flashcards

Energy From Food, Appetite & Satiety Flashcards

1
Q

How is obesity clinically defined?

A

The level of body fat associated with increased morbidity and decreased life expectancy

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2
Q

What are the risks of obesity?

A
  • diabetes
  • CHD
  • osteoarthritis
  • male cancers: prostate and colon
  • female cancers: breast and endometrial
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3
Q

What is energy intake determined by?

A

Appetite

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4
Q

Orexigenic agents ….. appetite

A

Increase

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5
Q

Anorexic agents ……. appetite

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Examples of orexigenic agents

A
  • neuropeptide-Y

- Agouti related transcript

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7
Q

Examples of anorexic agents

A

Alpha- melanocyte stimulating hormone
Cocaine
Amphetamine related transcript

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8
Q

What makes up daily energy expenditure?

A
  • 60%: basal metabolic rate
  • 5-15%: dietary and obligatory thermogenesis
  • 20-30%: activity
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9
Q

The increase in body weight in response to over feeding ……………. proportional to the excess ingested energy

A

Is not

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10
Q

What regulates appetite in the short term?

A

Stomach stretch - stomach stretch (lap banding) or bypass procedures

  • cholecystokinin
  • glucagon like peptide 1
  • PYY
  • Ghrelin
  • insulin
  • gala in
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11
Q

What controls appetite in the long term?

A

Venetomedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus

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12
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Increases satiety
Destroyed= hyperphagia
Inhibits lateral hypothalamus

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13
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Increases appetite

Destroyed = fatal anorexia

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14
Q

Leptin

A
  • secreted by fat

- decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure

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15
Q

Ob gene

A

Leptin production gene, leptin deficiency

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16
Q

Db gene

A

Leptin receptor gene, leptin resistance

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17
Q

How common are leptin deficiency and leptin resistance?

A
  • deficiency is rare: 10-15%

- relative resistance is common, absolute resistance is rare

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18
Q

What does leptin do at the hypothalamus?

A
  • Ob-re is a soluble receptor
  • Ob-Rb has intracellular activity: Janas kinase
  • kinases act on signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3)
  • STAT3 switches on and off gene expression
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19
Q

What is the formula for chemical potential energy?

A

Ux = nRT x ln [x]1/[x]2

Big number over small number

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20
Q

What is the formula for electrical potential energy?

A

EPE = q x V

Charge x voltage

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21
Q

What is the equation for calculating charge?

A

ue = zFn x V

Valence x Faradays constant x moles

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22
Q

What is Faraday’s constant?

A

96,500

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23
Q

Millivolts to volts

A

Move decimal 3 places to left

24
Q

What is the temperature in K for body temperature?

25
What is R equal to?
8.314
26
1 calorie = .... kJ
4.2
27
Thermodynamic limits of pumps
The energy from ATP use must be greater than the sum of the chemical and electrical potential energy
28
What is the equation for calculating energy in a chemical reaction?
uc = delta G naught prime + nRT x ln [products]/[reactants]
29
What is delta G naught?
The energy change when all reactants are present in 1 mol and STP, called standard state Biochemists: pH=7.4, aqueous solution, 37 degrees C
30
What is the standard state for ATP?
-7.5Kcal/mol
31
Why is standard state for ATP negative?
ADP and Pi have 7.5Kcal less that ATP
32
Moving ATP/ADP ........ equilibrium provides energy to move other reactions .......... from equilibrium
Towards, away
33
What is the measured chemical potential energy of ATP hydrolysis?
- 12Kcal/mol | - varies with ATP/ADP ratio
34
Is any oxygen consumed in glycolysis?
No
35
Use/gain of ATP in glycolysis
- uses 2 - gains 4 - net gain of 2
36
1 glucose produces how many pyruvates in glycolysis?
2 - have 3 C each
37
Exchange rate between ATP and GTP
1 GTP = 1 ATP
38
Exchange rate between FADH2 and ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
39
Exchange rate between NADH and ATP
1 NADH = 3 ATP
40
What is pyruvate converted into?
- lactate in anaerobic | - Acetyl CoA in aerobic
41
When is CO2 produced in glycolysis?
Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (2 mol per mol of glucose) Comes from glucose
42
What happens after glycolysis?
Pyruvate enters mitochondria
43
What happens in TCA cycle?
- pyruvate reacts with NAD and CoA - produces NADH and CO2 (2 mol per 1 mol glucose) - Acetyl CoA goes onto oxidation
44
What switches respiration from aerobic to a aerobic after the TCa cycle?
Increased NADH or acetylCoA
45
What is produced in TCA cycle? (6)
- no O2 - 4 CO2 per glucose - O2 from food or water - 4 C in, 4 leave as CO2 per glucose - 2 GTP per glucose - 6 NADH per glucose - 2 FADH2 per glucose
46
Oxidation of food in TCA cycle has produced.......
Reduced FADH2 and NADH far from equilibrium
47
Food is oxidised with......... and .........
NAD and FAD
48
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of H+ pumps
49
What happens in the electron transport chain?
Series of oxidation and reduction reactions using molecular oxygen to produce water
50
NADH powers .... hydrogen pumps
3
51
FADH2 powers ... hydrogen pumps
2
52
What is the results of H+ ion movement in the electron transport chain?
- -140mV potential (inside negative) | - 1.4 pH difference (25 fold difference)
53
How is ATP generated from NADH and FADH2?
Large H+ ion electrochemical gradient gradient runs ATP synthase backwards - makes ATP instead of using ATP
54
How much ATP is produced in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation?
- 2 | - 36
55
Where is energy gained from in ATP synthesis?
Oxidation of C-C and C-H bonds
56
Converting from KJ to Kcal
Divide by 4.2
57
Converting from KCal to KJ
x by 4.2

Nutritional Physiology (13 decks)

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