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CVS Anatomy paper 1 > Heart development > Flashcards

Heart development Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وبه نستعين

The time: It develops in the ؟. it is the first system to function in the embryo.

A

Middle of 3rd week of intrauterine life

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2
Q

The cause: as the rapidly growing embryo ?

A

Can no longer maitain nurition and oxygenation by simple diffusion

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3
Q

Source:
The C.V.S. is totally ??????????????
in origin.

A

mesodermal

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4
Q

Mesodermal angiogenic cells form masses called ?

A

Blood islands. The islands acquire
lumens forming endothelial channels which spread and become interconnected together.

The surrounding mesoderm forms the muscular and connective tissue coats of the blood vessels

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5
Q

Two sets of blood vessels appear in the embryo:

A

Extra-embryonic vessels (appear earlier): derived from the extra embryonic mesoderm and include:

a. Vitelline vessels: develop around the yolk sac.
b. Umbilical vessels: run in the connecting stalk and extend to the chorion.

Intra-embryonic vessels (appear two days later): derived from the intra-embryonic splanchnic mesoderm as:
the two dorsal aortae.

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5
Q

Two sets of blood vessels appear in the embryo:

A

Extra-embryonic vessels (appear earlier): derived from the extra embryonic mesoderm and include:

a. Vitelline vessels: develop around the yolk sac.
b. Umbilical vessels: run in the connecting stalk and extend to the chorion.

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6
Q

Primitive blood cells develop from

A

The Endothelial lining of the vitelline and umbilical vessels.
Later, they are formed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes.

❑ After birth, the bone marrow + lymph nodes are the sites of
haemopoiesis.

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7
Q

Development of The Heart

A

3 Mesodermal sources:

1-Pericardial Sac
2-Endocardial Heart Tube
3-MyoEpicardial Mantle

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8
Q

Pericardial sac?

A

It is the transverse part of the U-shaped intraembryonic coelom.

✓ It is situated between the oral membrane (caudally) and the septum transversum (cranially).

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9
Q

(The cardiogenic plate).

A

The angiogenic cells in the area between the pericardial sac cranially and the oral membrane ventrally aggregate and form a horseshoe shape area called cardiogenic plate

The angiogenic cells in the cardiogenic plate form clusters, then these clusters acquire lumens and fuse together forming right and left endocardial heart tubes.

Later (after lateral folding), the middle portions of the two tubes fuse together forming a single heart tube

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10
Q

Myoepicardial Mantle ?

A

It is a Layer of Splanchnic mesoderm situated between the pericardial sac and endocardial heart tube

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11
Q

As the endocardial heart tube invaginates into the pericardial sac, the myoepicardial mantle
forms ?

A

a Coat which surrounds the heart tube. But separated from it by a layer of cardiac jelly
(connective tissue)

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12
Q
  1. Pericardial sac
  2. Endocardial heart tube
  3. Myoepicardial mantle
A

1-pericardium
2-endocardium
3-myocardium and epicardium

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13
Q

As a result of folding, the heart tube and the pericardial sac rotate ……° with the head fold

A

180

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14
Q

Results of rotation in Relations ?

A

Crainal to septum transversum
Caudal to bucopharyngeal membrane
Ventral to foregut
Dorsal to Pericardial Sac

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15
Q

Four changes of Heart tube?

A

Invade pericardial sacs

Develop into chambers

Elongates and bends

Migarates caudally

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16
Q

The endocardial heart tube invades the pericardial sac from its dorsal aspect dividing it into a

A

Visceral layer (epicardium) and

a Parietal layer.

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17
Q

A double-layered fold called dorsal mesocardium is attached to the dorsum of the tube. Later,

A

the dorsal mesocardium becomes absorbed forming the transverse sinus of pericardium.

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18
Q

Heart developing chambers?

A 
Truncus Arteriosus
Bulbs cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
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19
Q

Causes of bending:

A
  1. Elongation of the heart tube, while its 2 ends are fixed.
  2. Disproportionate growth between the heart tube and pericardial sac.
  3. Disproportionate growth between the different parts of the heart tube.
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20
Q

Bending of tube

A
  1. The bulbus cordis and ventricle elongate more rapidly than the rest of the tube, forming a U-shaped bulboventricular loop
  2. The cardiac loop becomes S-shaped as the atrium and sinus venosus are dragged inside the pericardial sac, with approximation of the arterial and venous ends of the loop.
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20
Q

Bending of tube

A
  1. The Bulbus cordis and ventricle elongate more rapidly than the rest of the tube, forming a U-shaped Bulboventricular loop.
  2. The cardiac loop becomes S-shaped as the atrium and sinus venosus are dragged inside the pericardial sac, with approximation of the arterial and venous ends of the loop.
  3. The bulbus cordis shifts to the right side of the ventricle. The junction between both is marked on the outside by the bulbo-ventricular sulcus
    4-The atrium expands transversely, bulging on either side of the bulbus
    cordis.
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21
Q

The heart and pericardium

migrate caudally from the

A

level of 3rd- 4th somites to

the level of 17th- 20thsomites.

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22
Q

Sinus venosus if formed of

A

Body + 2 Horns

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23
Q

Sinus venosus opens into?

A

It opens into the center of the dorsal wall of the primitive atrium.

It is formed of a body and two horns (right & left).

E

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24
Q

Each horn of Sinus venosus recevies blood from?

A

1- Vitlline vein
2- Umbilical vein
3- Common cardinal Vein

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25
Q

The opening between the Sinus venosus and the atrium has the shape of a vertical slit.
Its edges are called the right and left venous valves (Sino-atrial valves). Both valves fuse together cranially forming ??

A

The septum spurium.

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26
Q

At first, communication between the sinus and the atrium is wide. Then, the entrance of the
sinus shifts to the right.

It is incorporated into the right atrium to form the smooth-walled part of the right atrium
(sinus venarum)

A
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27
Q

Fates of Right Horns of sinus venosus?

A

Right common cardinal > Lower SVC
Right vitline vein > IVC opening
Right Umbilical vein > disappear

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28
Q

The coronary sinus of the heart is derived from:

A

Left horn and body of sinus venosusThe

29
Q

oblique vein of left atrium

A

The left common cardinal

30
Q

Rigth common cardinal

Left common cardinal

A

Lower SVC

Oblique Vein of Left Atrium

. left umbilical and vitelline veins loss their connection with the sinus

31
Q

The upper part of right venous valve forms

A

crista terminalis

32
Q

The lower part of right venous valve

A

valve of IVC and valve of coronary sinus

The left venous valve and the septum suprium are incorporated with the inter-atrial septum

33
Q

The left venous valve and the septum suprium ???

A

are incorporated with the inter-atrial septum

34
Q

A-V canal formation

A

• Two endocardial cushions, (ventral and dorsal) project from the ventral and
dorsal walls of the canal respectively.
• The cushions meet and fuse together forming the septum intermedium which
divides the A-V canal into right and left parts.

35
Q

Fates of atriventricular canals?

A
  1. The ventricular opening of each canal tricuspid valve & mitral valve).
  2. The remaining parts (towards the atria) are added to the corresponding atrium.
36
Q

The septum
intermedium extends
and shares in

A

the
formation of the
membranous part of the
interventricular septum.

37
Q

The primitive atrium is
divided into right and left
chambers by?

A 
the development of 
an interatrial septum. 
In the intrauterine life, this 
septum always keeps a gap 
connecting both atria.
38
Q

Septum perimum

A

It is a thin crescentic membrane which grows from the roof of the atrium.
It descends towards the endocardial cushions (septum intermedium), but is separated from them by the foramen primum (ostium primum)…………

39
Q

The foramen primum becomes progressively smaller and is finally closed??.

A

Its
closure is aided by proliferating cells from the endocardial cushions which extend
on the lower border of the septum primum.

40
Q

Another thick crescentic membrane grows immediately to the right side of the
septum primum

A

Septum scnedum

41
Q

The septum secundum reaches down to the ventral endocardial cushion only.

A

It is supplemented by the left venous valve

41
Q

The septum secundum reaches down to the ventral endocardial cushion only.

A

It is supplemented by the left venous valve

42
Q

The margins of the septum secundum around the fossa form

A

the limbus fossa ovalis

annulus ovalis

43
Q

Rigth artium formation

A

The right half of the primitive atrium , The anterior rough part including the
right auricle

The absorbed right horn of sinus venosus The \posterior smooth part (sinus venarum).

The upper part of the right atrio-ventricular canal.

44
Q

Left Atrium Formation

A

The left half of the primitive atrium the rough auricular part.
The absorbed pulmonary veins The major smooth part.
The upper part of the left atrio-ventricular canal.

45
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Due to bending of the heart tube to the right & not to the left.

46
Q

Ectopia cordis?

A

Due to faulty development of the sternum (bifid sternum).

47
Q

Patent foramen ovales?

A

A hole in the middle of the interatrial septum (the site of the fossa ovalis).

• The resulting right -to-left shunt of venous blood Cyanosis

48
Q

Causes of patent foramen ovale ?

A
  1. Underdeveloped (too small) septum secundum.
  2. Excessive resorption of septum primum wide ostium secundum.
  3. Failure of fusion between the 2 septa Probe-patent foramen ovale.
49
Q

( Ostium Primum defect ).

A

A Hole in the lower part of the interatrial septum ±persistent A-V canal.

50
Q

Common artium

A

Trilocular biventricular heart. Due to failure of formation of both septa

51
Q

The lower part of bulbs cordis is

incorporated into the common ventricle (

A

Inflowing rough part of both ventricles

52
Q

(Outflowing smooth part of ventricles)

A

The proximal upper part of bulbs cordis

53
Q

Bulbs cordis development?

A

The lower part is incorporated into the common ventricle (Inflowing rough part of both ventricles)

The upper parts :
The proximal upper part (Outflowing smooth part of ventricles)
The distal upper part (Aortic and Pulmonary orifices)

54
Q

Divided the proximal part into

two parts

A

a- The ventral part gives the Infundibulum of right ventricle.
b- The dorsal part the vestibule of Left ventricle.

55
Q

The proximal bulbar septum:

A

Shares in the formation of the Membranous interventricular septum.

56
Q

II. Distal part:
This part is divided into two
halves by the

A 
distal bulbar 
septum: 
a- Aortic orifice (dorsally). 
b- Pulmonary orifice 
(ventrally).
57
Q

The mebeanous interventricular septum ?

A

The septum intermedium (mainly the dorsal endocardial cushion).
The proximal bulbar septum.

58
Q

Right ventricle

A

It is derived from 2 sources:
1. Right 1/2 of the bulbo ventricular chamber the rough inflowing part.

  1. Ventral 1/2 of the proximal part of bulbus cordis the smooth outflowing part (infundibulum).
59
Q

Left Ventricle

A

It is derived from 2

sources:
1. Left 1/2 of the bulboventricular chamber the rough inflowing part.
2. Dorsal 1/2 of the bulbus cordis the smooth outflowing part (vestibule).

60
Q

The inner layer of myocardium of each ventricle shows sponge work cavitations!!!

A

resulting in the formation of the

Trabeculae carnae
,
Papillary muscles

Chordae tendinae.

61
Q

The upper part of the truncus
arteriosus is dilated and forms
the

A

aortic sac.

62
Q

The lower part of the truncus arteriosus is divided by a spiral aortico-pulmonary
septum into:

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk.

2. Ascending aorta.

63
Q

The lower border of the septum fuses with the distal bulbar septum so that

A

Pulmonary valve becomes at the beginning of the pulmonary trunk and the aortic
valve at the beginning of the ascending aorta

64
Q

Ventricular septal dfect/.

A

Membranous VSD
• Muscular VSD
• Common ventricle

65
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosus ?

A

One vessel receive blood from both ventricles. Due to failure of formation of aortico- pulmonary septum

66
Q

Congential stenosis or atreisa of aortic or pulmonary orfices?

A

Due to unequal division of truncus aretriosus

67
Q

Transpostition of great vessels

A 
The aorta arises from right 
ventricle and the pulmonary 
trunk arises from the left 
ventricle, due to formation of 
non spiral aortico- pulmonary
septum
68
Q

Fallot’s tetrad

A

Due to unqeual division of truncus arteriosus

69
Q

Fallot,s tetrad mention ?

A

1-Pulmonary stenosis
2-Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
3-Membranous septal defect
4-Overriding of The aorta

70
Q

الحمدلله الذي خلق كل شئ

A

CVS Anatomy paper 1 (5 decks)

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