Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards
Pericardium
Protects heart, double walled sac
Myocardium
Muscular wall-specialized cardiac mucle cells provide bulk of contractile heart muscle
Endocardium
Innermost wall is thin and includes 3 layers with smooth endothelial cells lining heart chambers and great vessels
What do valves control
the blood flow between the chambers and between the ventricles and the corresponding great vessels
Diastole
Heart is filling phase- (AV valve opens to allow ventricles to relax and fill with blood and allow blood to be ejected from heart)
Systole
Heart pumping phase- (AV valve closes to prevent regurgitation of blood back up into atria)
S1
closure of AV valves, signals beginning of systole
S2
Closure of semilunar valves, signals end of systole
First heart sound
Lub, S1
Second heart sound
Dub, S2
S3
ventricular filling creates vibrations, occurs after S2. “Ventricular Gallop”
S4
Occurs at the end of diastole, before S1.
“Atrial gallop”
may be heard in children, in conditioned athletes
Newborn pulse
110-160
Infant pulse
90-160
Toddler pulse
80-140
Preschooler pulse
80-120
School age pulse
65-120
Adolescent pulse
60-100
Adult pulse
60-100
Older Adult pulse
60-100
Newborn considerations
- Heart beats at 3 weeks gestation
- Heart position horizontal
Children considerations
- HR can increase with inspiration and decrease expiration
Pregnancy Considerations
- Blood volume increases by 30-40% thus workload increases
- Pulse rate increases by 10-15 beats
Older adult
- interrelated with lifestyle, habits and disease
- Systolic BP increases
- Left ventricular wall thickness increases
- Dysrhythmia
- Orthostatic hypotension
Dysrhythmia
irregular heart rate increases related to conduction changes
