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OS 205 > Heart And Great Vessels > Flashcards

Heart And Great Vessels Flashcards

0
Q

Superior border of the heart

A

2nd left costal cartilage to 3rd right costal cartilage

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1
Q

Average heartbeats per minute?

A

72 beats per minute

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2
Q

Right border of the heart

A

3rd to 6th right costal cartilages

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3
Q

Left border of the heart

A

2nd left costal cartilage to 5th left intercostal space

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4
Q

Inferior border of heart

A

6th costal cartilage to apex

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5
Q

When doing chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, what is your surface landmark?

A

Lower part of the sternum, but a little to the left

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6
Q

What are you massaging in cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

A

Inferior portion of right and left ventricle

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7
Q

What is a possible danger of doing cardiac massage in the wrong position?

A

Outflow of blood to the ventricles may be blocked

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8
Q

Why can you not auscultate the four valves of the heart in their anatomic locations?

A

The sternum is blocking the way

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9
Q

Where should you auscultate to listen to the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd intercostal space at the left parasternal border

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10
Q

Where should you auscultate to listen to the aortic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space at the right parasternal border

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11
Q

Where should you auscultate to listen to the tricuspid valve?

A

5th intercostal space, a little to the right parasternal border

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12
Q

Where should you auscultate to listen to the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

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13
Q

Where is the heart sounds loudest?

A

Apex of heart

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14
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

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15
Q

Narrowing of the heart valves

A

Stenosis

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16
Q

When this is heard, it is a sign of an abnormality in the heart

A

Murmurs

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17
Q

The apex beat is caused by the contraction of which heart chamber?

A

Left ventricle

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18
Q

When the apex beat is felt at the midaxillary line, it is a sign of what condition?

A

Cardiomegaly

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19
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the heart

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20
Q

Referred pain sensations caused by impulses of the somatic phrenic nerve are conducted in this layer of pericardium

A

Parietal

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21
Q

A pericardial rub and a lack of sound emanating from the surfaces of the pericardial sac are manifestations of what disease?

A

Pericarditis

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22
Q

Accumulation of abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial effusion

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23
Q

Why does the heart pump blood even through a very small hole when punctured?

A

It has a high pressure

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24
Q

What is the effect of blood accumulation on the pericardial cavity on the function of the heart

A

Decreased cardiac output, may lead to fainting

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25
Q

Where do you drain the excess fluid in the pericardial cavity?

A

Puncture the site where there is no pleura or lung, particularly 5th or 6th intercostal space at the left parasternal border, or the subxiphoid area

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26
Q

Condition where there is a presence of fluid outside the heart but inside the pericardial cavity and prevents full expansion of the heart and eventually stops it from pumping?

A

Cardiac tamponade

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27
Q

Blood in the pericardial cavity

A

Hemopericardium

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28
Q

This sinus is used by surgeons to put their finger in and occlude the outflow of blood in both the pulmonary trunk and the aorta to be able to bypass the heart

A

Transverse sinus

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29
Q

Area between the 4 pulmonary veins and superior vena cava

A

Oblique sinus

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30
Q

Area between the pulmonary trunk, aorta and anterior superior vena cava?

A

Transverse sinus

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31
Q

List all arterial supplies of the pericardium

A

Pericardiophrenic, musculophrenic, bronchial, esophageal, superior phrenic, coronary

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32
Q

The pericardiophrenic artery is a branch of what artery

A

Internal thoracic artery

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33
Q

The bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries are branches of?

A

Thoracic aorta

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34
Q

What does the coronary artery supply in the heart?

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium.

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35
Q

List all venous drainage of the heart

A

Pericardiophrenic vein, tributaries of azygos venous system

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36
Q

The pericardiophrenic vein is the tributary of which veins?

A

Brachiocephalic or internal thoracic vein

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37
Q

Approximately what fraction of the heart is located on the left of the median plane?

A

2/3

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38
Q

Approximately what percent of the adult body weight is contributed by blood volume?

A

70%

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39
Q

Thin inner lining of the heart which also covers its valves

A

Endocardium

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40
Q

Thin external covering formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Epicardium

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41
Q

thick helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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42
Q

Describe the arrangement of cardiac muscle fibers

A

Spiral

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43
Q

Demarcates the atria from the ventricles

A

Coronary or atrioventricular groove

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44
Q

Demarcates the right and left ventricles from each other

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular groove

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45
Q

Part of the heart which remains motionless throughout the cardiac cycle

A

Apex of heart

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46
Q

The base of the heart is formed mainly by what heart chamber?

A

Left atrium. (Small part of right atrium incluced)

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47
Q

The apex of the heart is formed by what heart chamber?

A

Inferolateral left ventricle

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48
Q

Which vertebrae are located posterior to the base of the heart?

A

T6 to T9

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49
Q

Superior boundary of base of the heart

A

Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk

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50
Q

Inferior border of the base of the heart

A

Coronary groove

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51
Q

Synchronous pumping of the two heart chambers

A

Cardiac cycle

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52
Q

Ventricular relaxation and filling

A

Diastole

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53
Q

Ventricular contraction and emptying

A

Systole

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54
Q

Valves opened and closed in systole

A

Semilunar open, av closed

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55
Q

Valves open and closed in diastole

A

Semilunar closed, av open

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56
Q

Sound heard in systole

A

Dub

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57
Q

Sound heard in diastole

A

Lub

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58
Q

The only period of the cardiac cycle where the myocardium is perfused with oxygenated blood.

A

Diastole

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59
Q

Location of the opening of coronary arteries

A

Behind cusps of aortic valve

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60
Q

Source of oxygenated blood in fetal circulation

A

Placenta

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61
Q

Pathway of oxygenated fetal blood from mother to fetal heart

A

Placenta, umbilical vein, left portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava

62
Q

Most fetal blood bypasses the liver by passing through which vessel

A

Ductus venosus

63
Q

What two veins does the ductus venosus connect?

A

Left portal vein and inferior vena cava

64
Q

Connects the right and left atrium in fetuses

A

Foramen ovale

65
Q

Connects the pulmonary circulation to the aortic circulation, thus bypassing the lungs

A

Ductus arteriosus

66
Q

Origin of the ductus arteriosus

A

Left pulmonary artery

67
Q

Exit of the ductus arteriosus

A

Aortic arch beyond origin of left subclavian artery

68
Q

Adult remnant of the foramen ovale

A

Fossa ovalis

69
Q

Adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

70
Q

Framework of dense collagen tissue composed of 4 fibrous rings amd serves as attachment of muscle fibers

A

Fibrous skeleton of heart

71
Q

Surrounds the atrioventricular and arterial orifices

A

Right and left fibrous trigone

72
Q

Which fibrous trigone is stronger, left or right?

A

Left

73
Q

4 functions of the fibrous skeleton of heart

A

Maintains patency of valvular orifices
Attachment for leaflets and cusps
Attachment for myocardium
Forms an electrical insulator

74
Q

Origin of myocardium muscles

A

Fibrous ring of pulmonic valve

75
Q

Insertion of myocardium muscles

A

Fibrous ring of aortic valve

76
Q

Happens when foramen ovale fails to close

A

Atrial septal defect

77
Q

In a persistent foramen ovale, which side of the heart will enlarge? Why?

A

Right. Pressure in left is higher so blood will be shunted to the right

78
Q

Which is higher in adults, pulmonary blood pressure or systemic blood pressure

A

Systemic

79
Q

Which has a higher pressure in fetuses, pulmonary or systemic?

A

Pulmonary

80
Q

Cyanosis can be observed if blood in the heart shifts from where to where?

A

Right to left, without being re-oxygenated

81
Q

Failure of the membranous part of interventricular septum to close

A

Ventricular septal defect

82
Q

In patent ductus arteriosus, blood will flow from where to where

A

Aorta to pulmonary trunk

83
Q

Forms the sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

84
Q

Forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart

A

Mainly left ventricle, partly by right ventricle

85
Q

The diaphragmatic surface is related mainly to what structure in the diaphragm

A

Central tendon

86
Q

Forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart

A

Right atrium

87
Q

Forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart

A

Left ventricle

88
Q

The left pulmonary surface forms which structure in the left lung?

A

Cardiac impression

89
Q

Right border of the heart

A

3rd to 6th costal cartilage, formed by right atrium from SVC to IVC

90
Q

Inferior border of heart

A

Apex, formed mainly by right ventricle, slightly by left

91
Q

Left border of the heart

A

Formed mainly by left ventricle and slightly by left auricle

92
Q

Superior border of the heart

A

2nd to 3rd costal cartilage, formed by roght and left atria and auricles

93
Q

Forms the rough anterior wall of the right atrium

A

Musculi pectinati

94
Q

Smooth thin-walled posterior part of the right atrium where svc, ivc, and coronary sinus open

A

Sinus venarum

95
Q

The sinus venarum is derived from absorption of which embryonic heart structure

A

Venous sinus

96
Q

In what level is the right tricuspid orifice located

A

4th and 5th intercostal space

97
Q

Externally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall

A

Sulcus terminalis

98
Q

Internally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall

A

Crista terminalis

99
Q

Irregular elevations inside the right ventricle?

A

Trabeculae carnae

100
Q

They arise from the apices of the papillary muscles and attach to free edges and ventricular surfaces of the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps

A

Chordae tendinae

101
Q

Muscle which arises from the anterior wall of right ventricle

A

Anterior papillary muscle

102
Q

Muscle which arises from the inferior wall of the right ventricle

A

Posterior papillary muscle

103
Q

Muscle which arises from interventricular septum

A

Septal papillary muscle

104
Q

Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to anterior and septal cusps of tricuspid valve

A

Septal papillary muscle

105
Q

Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to posterior and septal cuspsof tricuspid valve?

A

Posterior papillary muscle

106
Q

Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to anterior and posterior cusps of tricuspid valve

A

Anterior papillary muscle

107
Q

Curved muscular bundle which carries part of right branch of the AV bundle

A

Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

108
Q

True or false, pulmonary veins have valves.

A

False

109
Q

Conical muscular pouch which increases capacity of atrium

A

Auricle

110
Q

Floor of the oval fossa

A

Semilunar depression

111
Q

Double leaflet guard of the left AV orifice

A

Mitral valve

112
Q

3 cusps of the tricuspid valve

A

Anterior, posterior, septal

113
Q

The tricuspid valve closes during which stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular contraction

114
Q

The mitral valve is posterior to the sternum at the level of which cartilage?

A

4th costal cartilage

115
Q

2 cusps of the mitral valve

A

Anterior and posterior

116
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called

A

Semilunar valves

117
Q

Thickening at the edge of each cusp in the semilunar valves

A

Lunule

118
Q

Further thickening at the apex of angulated free edge of semilunar valves

A

Nodule

119
Q

Non coronary aortic sinus

A

Posterior aortic sinus

120
Q

3 cusps of the pulmonary valves

A

Left, right, anterior

121
Q

3 cusps of the aortic valve

A

Left, right, posterior

122
Q

The cusps of both semilunar valves are concave in which direction?

A

Superior

123
Q

Semilunar valves with tendinous support

A

Pulmonary

124
Q

Branches of the right coronary artery

A

SA nodal branch, right marginal b., AV nodal b., posterior interventricular branch

125
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery

A

Anterior interventricular, circumflex, left marginal

126
Q

Occlusion of right coronary artery results to?

A

Chest pain

127
Q

Occlusion of the left coronary artery results to?

A

Myocardial infarction

128
Q

The dominant side of the coronary artery is determined by the origin of which artery?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

129
Q

Most important symptom of cardiac disease

A

Chest pain

130
Q

Constricting pain in thorax originating from the heart caused by narrowed coronary artery and lactic acid buildup which stimulates pain receptors

A

Angina pectoris

131
Q

Lipid deposits on coronary arteries which obstruct blood flow

A

Coronary atherosclerosis

132
Q

Sudden occlusion of a major artery by an embolus

A

Myocardial infarction

133
Q

Veins that drain the heart empty into which structure

A

Coronary sinus and right atrium

134
Q

Main vein of the heart

A

Coronary sinus

135
Q

Main tributary of coronary sinus

A

Great cardiac vein

136
Q

Drains most areas supplied by right coronary artery

A

Middle cardiac and small cardiac veins

137
Q

Vein associated with marginal branch of right coronary artery

A

Small cardiac

138
Q

Vein associated with the posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery

A

Middle cardiac vein

139
Q

Remnant of the embryonic left superior vena cava and merges with great cardiac vein

A

Oblique vein of the left atrium, (marshall’s vein)

140
Q

Veins which do not drain to the coronary sinus

A

Small anterior cardiac veins, capillary beds of myocardium

141
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the heart

A

Subepicardial lymphatic plexus, inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes

142
Q

Tissue which initiates heartbeat and coordinates contraction of the four chambers

A

Nodal tissue

143
Q

Tissue which conducts impulses rapidly throughout the heart

A

Conducting fibers

144
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

145
Q

Stimulates the SA node to accelerate heart rate

A

Sympathetic division

146
Q

Inhibits the SA node to return contraction to basal state

A

Parasympathetic division

147
Q

Takes over if SA node fails

A

AV node

148
Q

Bridge between atrial and ventricular myocardium

A

AV bundle of His

149
Q

The AV bundle passes in which heart structures

A

Though fibrous skeleton, and along membranous part of interventricular septum

150
Q

Branch of AV bundle which stimulates papillary muscle through moderator band

A

Right branch

151
Q

Branch of AV bundle which divides into 6 smaller tracts which stimulate the interventricular septum, ant and pos papillary muscle, and wall of left ventricle

A

Left

152
Q

Which contracts first? Atria or ventricles? Or both at the same time? Or neither?

A

Atria

OS 205 (4 decks)

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