Heart And Great Vessels Flashcards
0
Q
Superior border of the heart
A
2nd left costal cartilage to 3rd right costal cartilage
1
Q
Average heartbeats per minute?
A
72 beats per minute
2
Q
Right border of the heart
A
3rd to 6th right costal cartilages
3
Q
Left border of the heart
A
2nd left costal cartilage to 5th left intercostal space
4
Q
Inferior border of heart
A
6th costal cartilage to apex
5
Q
When doing chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, what is your surface landmark?
A
Lower part of the sternum, but a little to the left
6
Q
What are you massaging in cardiopulmonary resuscitation?
A
Inferior portion of right and left ventricle
7
Q
What is a possible danger of doing cardiac massage in the wrong position?
A
Outflow of blood to the ventricles may be blocked
8
Q
Why can you not auscultate the four valves of the heart in their anatomic locations?
A
The sternum is blocking the way
9
Q
Where should you auscultate to listen to the pulmonary valve?
A
2nd intercostal space at the left parasternal border
10
Q
Where should you auscultate to listen to the aortic valve?
A
2nd intercostal space at the right parasternal border
11
Q
Where should you auscultate to listen to the tricuspid valve?
A
5th intercostal space, a little to the right parasternal border
12
Q
Where should you auscultate to listen to the mitral valve?
A
5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
13
Q
Where is the heart sounds loudest?
A
Apex of heart
14
Q
Where is the apex of the heart located?
A
5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
15
Q
Narrowing of the heart valves
A
Stenosis
16
Q
When this is heard, it is a sign of an abnormality in the heart
A
Murmurs
17
Q
The apex beat is caused by the contraction of which heart chamber?
A
Left ventricle
18
Q
When the apex beat is felt at the midaxillary line, it is a sign of what condition?
A
Cardiomegaly
19
Q
What is cardiomegaly?
A
Enlargement of the heart
20
Q
Referred pain sensations caused by impulses of the somatic phrenic nerve are conducted in this layer of pericardium
A
Parietal
21
Q
A pericardial rub and a lack of sound emanating from the surfaces of the pericardial sac are manifestations of what disease?
A
Pericarditis
22
Q
Accumulation of abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity
A
Pericardial effusion
23
Q
Why does the heart pump blood even through a very small hole when punctured?
A
It has a high pressure
24
What is the effect of blood accumulation on the pericardial cavity on the function of the heart
Decreased cardiac output, may lead to fainting
25
Where do you drain the excess fluid in the pericardial cavity?
Puncture the site where there is no pleura or lung, particularly 5th or 6th intercostal space at the left parasternal border, or the subxiphoid area
26
Condition where there is a presence of fluid outside the heart but inside the pericardial cavity and prevents full expansion of the heart and eventually stops it from pumping?
Cardiac tamponade
27
Blood in the pericardial cavity
Hemopericardium
28
This sinus is used by surgeons to put their finger in and occlude the outflow of blood in both the pulmonary trunk and the aorta to be able to bypass the heart
Transverse sinus
29
Area between the 4 pulmonary veins and superior vena cava
Oblique sinus
30
Area between the pulmonary trunk, aorta and anterior superior vena cava?
Transverse sinus
31
List all arterial supplies of the pericardium
Pericardiophrenic, musculophrenic, bronchial, esophageal, superior phrenic, coronary
32
The pericardiophrenic artery is a branch of what artery
Internal thoracic artery
33
The bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries are branches of?
Thoracic aorta
34
What does the coronary artery supply in the heart?
Visceral layer of serous pericardium.
35
List all venous drainage of the heart
Pericardiophrenic vein, tributaries of azygos venous system
36
The pericardiophrenic vein is the tributary of which veins?
Brachiocephalic or internal thoracic vein
37
Approximately what fraction of the heart is located on the left of the median plane?
2/3
38
Approximately what percent of the adult body weight is contributed by blood volume?
70%
39
Thin inner lining of the heart which also covers its valves
Endocardium
40
Thin external covering formed by visceral layer of serous pericardium
Epicardium
41
thick helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
42
Describe the arrangement of cardiac muscle fibers
Spiral
43
Demarcates the atria from the ventricles
Coronary or atrioventricular groove
44
Demarcates the right and left ventricles from each other
Anterior and posterior interventricular groove
45
Part of the heart which remains motionless throughout the cardiac cycle
Apex of heart
46
The base of the heart is formed mainly by what heart chamber?
Left atrium. (Small part of right atrium incluced)
47
The apex of the heart is formed by what heart chamber?
Inferolateral left ventricle
48
Which vertebrae are located posterior to the base of the heart?
T6 to T9
49
Superior boundary of base of the heart
Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
50
Inferior border of the base of the heart
Coronary groove
51
Synchronous pumping of the two heart chambers
Cardiac cycle
52
Ventricular relaxation and filling
Diastole
53
Ventricular contraction and emptying
Systole
54
Valves opened and closed in systole
Semilunar open, av closed
55
Valves open and closed in diastole
Semilunar closed, av open
56
Sound heard in systole
Dub
57
Sound heard in diastole
Lub
58
The only period of the cardiac cycle where the myocardium is perfused with oxygenated blood.
Diastole
59
Location of the opening of coronary arteries
Behind cusps of aortic valve
60
Source of oxygenated blood in fetal circulation
Placenta
61
Pathway of oxygenated fetal blood from mother to fetal heart
Placenta, umbilical vein, left portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava
62
Most fetal blood bypasses the liver by passing through which vessel
Ductus venosus
63
What two veins does the ductus venosus connect?
Left portal vein and inferior vena cava
64
Connects the right and left atrium in fetuses
Foramen ovale
65
Connects the pulmonary circulation to the aortic circulation, thus bypassing the lungs
Ductus arteriosus
66
Origin of the ductus arteriosus
Left pulmonary artery
67
Exit of the ductus arteriosus
Aortic arch beyond origin of left subclavian artery
68
Adult remnant of the foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
69
Adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
70
Framework of dense collagen tissue composed of 4 fibrous rings amd serves as attachment of muscle fibers
Fibrous skeleton of heart
71
Surrounds the atrioventricular and arterial orifices
Right and left fibrous trigone
72
Which fibrous trigone is stronger, left or right?
Left
73
4 functions of the fibrous skeleton of heart
Maintains patency of valvular orifices
Attachment for leaflets and cusps
Attachment for myocardium
Forms an electrical insulator
74
Origin of myocardium muscles
Fibrous ring of pulmonic valve
75
Insertion of myocardium muscles
Fibrous ring of aortic valve
76
Happens when foramen ovale fails to close
Atrial septal defect
77
In a persistent foramen ovale, which side of the heart will enlarge? Why?
Right. Pressure in left is higher so blood will be shunted to the right
78
Which is higher in adults, pulmonary blood pressure or systemic blood pressure
Systemic
79
Which has a higher pressure in fetuses, pulmonary or systemic?
Pulmonary
80
Cyanosis can be observed if blood in the heart shifts from where to where?
Right to left, without being re-oxygenated
81
Failure of the membranous part of interventricular septum to close
Ventricular septal defect
82
In patent ductus arteriosus, blood will flow from where to where
Aorta to pulmonary trunk
83
Forms the sternocostal surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
84
Forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart
Mainly left ventricle, partly by right ventricle
85
The diaphragmatic surface is related mainly to what structure in the diaphragm
Central tendon
86
Forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart
Right atrium
87
Forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart
Left ventricle
88
The left pulmonary surface forms which structure in the left lung?
Cardiac impression
89
Right border of the heart
3rd to 6th costal cartilage, formed by right atrium from SVC to IVC
90
Inferior border of heart
Apex, formed mainly by right ventricle, slightly by left
91
Left border of the heart
Formed mainly by left ventricle and slightly by left auricle
92
Superior border of the heart
2nd to 3rd costal cartilage, formed by roght and left atria and auricles
93
Forms the rough anterior wall of the right atrium
Musculi pectinati
94
Smooth thin-walled posterior part of the right atrium where svc, ivc, and coronary sinus open
Sinus venarum
95
The sinus venarum is derived from absorption of which embryonic heart structure
Venous sinus
96
In what level is the right tricuspid orifice located
4th and 5th intercostal space
97
Externally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall
Sulcus terminalis
98
Internally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall
Crista terminalis
99
Irregular elevations inside the right ventricle?
Trabeculae carnae
100
They arise from the apices of the papillary muscles and attach to free edges and ventricular surfaces of the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps
Chordae tendinae
101
Muscle which arises from the anterior wall of right ventricle
Anterior papillary muscle
102
Muscle which arises from the inferior wall of the right ventricle
Posterior papillary muscle
103
Muscle which arises from interventricular septum
Septal papillary muscle
104
Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to anterior and septal cusps of tricuspid valve
Septal papillary muscle
105
Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to posterior and septal cuspsof tricuspid valve?
Posterior papillary muscle
106
Tendinous cords of this muscle attach to anterior and posterior cusps of tricuspid valve
Anterior papillary muscle
107
Curved muscular bundle which carries part of right branch of the AV bundle
Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
108
True or false, pulmonary veins have valves.
False
109
Conical muscular pouch which increases capacity of atrium
Auricle
110
Floor of the oval fossa
Semilunar depression
111
Double leaflet guard of the left AV orifice
Mitral valve
112
3 cusps of the tricuspid valve
Anterior, posterior, septal
113
The tricuspid valve closes during which stage of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular contraction
114
The mitral valve is posterior to the sternum at the level of which cartilage?
4th costal cartilage
115
2 cusps of the mitral valve
Anterior and posterior
116
The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called
Semilunar valves
117
Thickening at the edge of each cusp in the semilunar valves
Lunule
118
Further thickening at the apex of angulated free edge of semilunar valves
Nodule
119
Non coronary aortic sinus
Posterior aortic sinus
120
3 cusps of the pulmonary valves
Left, right, anterior
121
3 cusps of the aortic valve
Left, right, posterior
122
The cusps of both semilunar valves are concave in which direction?
Superior
123
Semilunar valves with tendinous support
Pulmonary
124
Branches of the right coronary artery
SA nodal branch, right marginal b., AV nodal b., posterior interventricular branch
125
Branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular, circumflex, left marginal
126
Occlusion of right coronary artery results to?
Chest pain
127
Occlusion of the left coronary artery results to?
Myocardial infarction
128
The dominant side of the coronary artery is determined by the origin of which artery?
Posterior interventricular artery
129
Most important symptom of cardiac disease
Chest pain
130
Constricting pain in thorax originating from the heart caused by narrowed coronary artery and lactic acid buildup which stimulates pain receptors
Angina pectoris
131
Lipid deposits on coronary arteries which obstruct blood flow
Coronary atherosclerosis
132
Sudden occlusion of a major artery by an embolus
Myocardial infarction
133
Veins that drain the heart empty into which structure
Coronary sinus and right atrium
134
Main vein of the heart
Coronary sinus
135
Main tributary of coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
136
Drains most areas supplied by right coronary artery
Middle cardiac and small cardiac veins
137
Vein associated with marginal branch of right coronary artery
Small cardiac
138
Vein associated with the posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery
Middle cardiac vein
139
Remnant of the embryonic left superior vena cava and merges with great cardiac vein
Oblique vein of the left atrium, (marshall's vein)
140
Veins which do not drain to the coronary sinus
Small anterior cardiac veins, capillary beds of myocardium
141
Lymphatic drainage of the heart
Subepicardial lymphatic plexus, inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
142
Tissue which initiates heartbeat and coordinates contraction of the four chambers
Nodal tissue
143
Tissue which conducts impulses rapidly throughout the heart
Conducting fibers
144
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
145
Stimulates the SA node to accelerate heart rate
Sympathetic division
146
Inhibits the SA node to return contraction to basal state
Parasympathetic division
147
Takes over if SA node fails
AV node
148
Bridge between atrial and ventricular myocardium
AV bundle of His
149
The AV bundle passes in which heart structures
Though fibrous skeleton, and along membranous part of interventricular septum
150
Branch of AV bundle which stimulates papillary muscle through moderator band
Right branch
151
Branch of AV bundle which divides into 6 smaller tracts which stimulate the interventricular septum, ant and pos papillary muscle, and wall of left ventricle
Left
152
Which contracts first? Atria or ventricles? Or both at the same time? Or neither?
Atria
