Heart and Circulation

Question 1

Blood properties

Answer 1

pH range: 7.35-7.45 (7 @ exercise)
[Na+]: 140nM (135-145nM, 0.85-0.90%)
8% of body weight 
mass can rapidly change/readjust
flows slower than water (4-5.5x)
denser than water (1.06x)
more viscous than water (4.4-5.5x) - blood is thicker than water

Question 2

normal Hct values

Answer 2

Male: 42%
Female: 38%

Question 3

Haematocrit (Hct)

Answer 3

% of blood that is composed of cells

Question 4

Plasma

Answer 4

55% blood volume
90% water
9% plasma proteins, consisting of
o	Serum albumin (60%)
o	Serum globulin (36%)
o	Fibrinogen (4%)
-	Minerals, ions, hormones

Question 5

blood cells

Answer 5

approx. 45% of blood volume
formed elements
o	erythrocytes
o	leukocytes
o	thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 6

haemoglobin concentrations in blood

Answer 6

Males ~14-18g/dL (x̄=16g/dL)
Females ~11.5-16g/dL (x̄ =14g/dL)
Children x̄ =12g/dL
At birth ~17g/dL

Question 7

volume of haemoglobin in oxygen

Answer 7

1g Hb combines with 1.34ml of O2, therefore
o x̄ Male carries 1.34mL x 16 = 21.4ml O2 /dL blood
o x̄ Female carries 1.34 x 14 = 18.8ml O2 /dL blood

Question 8

heart rate values

Answer 8

birth: 140
childhood: 80
adolescence/adult: 75

Question 9

stroke volume values

Answer 9

birth: 3-4mls
childhood: 40mls
adolescence/adult: 70mls

Question 10

cardiac output values

Answer 10

birth: 0.5L/min
childhood: 3.2L/min
adolescence/adult: 5L/min

Question 11

typical resting and max exercise values - males (untrained vs trained)

Answer 11

REST
Untrained
HR: 72 SV: 70 Q: 5
Trained
HR: 50 SV: 100 Q: 5

MAX EXERCISE
Untrained
HR: 200 SV: 110 Q: 22
Trained
HR: 195 SV: 160 Q: 31.2
Endurance
HR: 190 SVP 200 Q: 38

Question 12

typical resting and max exercise values - females (untrained vs trained)

Answer 12

REST
Untrained
HR: 75 SV: 60 Q: 4-4.5
Trained
HR: 55 SV: 80 Q: 4-4.5

MAX EXERCISE
Untrained
HR: 195 SV: 90 Q: 17.5
Trained
HR: 190 SV: 110 Q: 21