heart and central vasculature

Question 1

what are the three main compartments of the thoracic cavity

Answer 1

two on each side for the lungs

and one in the middle for the lungs

Question 2

what is the front of the heart also known as

Answer 2

sterno-costal surface

Question 3

what is the back surface of the heart also knowns as

Answer 3

diaphragmatic surface

Question 4

position of the heart

Answer 4

• heart occupies around 2/3 of the inferior mediastinum
• arch of aorta rises above the sternal angle (manubrio-sternal joint) in the superior mediastinum
• top of aortic arch rises up
• base of heart sits on the diagphram

Question 5

what is the pericardium

Answer 5

the thin fibrosis-serous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessel

Question 6

what are the two components of pericardium

Answer 6

fibrous pericardium - thick connective tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels
serous pericardium - (parietal layer lines the outer layer of the fibrous pericardium. visceral layer adheres the to heart and constitutes the outer covering of it.)

Question 7

what is pericarditis

Answer 7

inflammation of the pericardium due to viral or bacterial infection - due to systemic illness or post myocardial infarction

Question 8

pericardial effusion

Answer 8

accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac - causes cardiac temponade (compression of the heart)

Question 9

constrictive pericarditis

Answer 9

thickening of the pericardial sac and that causes compression of the heart and subsequent heart failure.

Question 10

where does the right coronary artery typically follow

Answer 10

a depression called the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

Question 11

other ramifications follow the right and left

Answer 11

inter ventricular sulci

Question 12

what is blood drained from the heart by

Answer 12

great, middle and small cardiac veins.

Question 13

what do the three veins merge into

Answer 13

the coronary sinus

Question 14

what does the coronary sinus empty into

Answer 14

the right atrium

Question 15

what side of the heart is the great cardiac vein in

Answer 15

the anterior of the heart

Question 16

what side of the heart are the two atioventricular (cuspid) valves present in

Answer 16

Right

Question 17

what side is the mitral or bicuspid valve seperating

Answer 17

left atrium and left ventricle

Question 18

what side is the pulmonary valve on

Answer 18

the right

Question 19

what side is the aortic valve

Answer 19

the left

Question 20

where are the sounds of the pulmonary and aortic valves best heard

Answer 20

the second intercostal space on the right (pulmonary) and left (aortic)

Question 21

how do you orientate the heart

Answer 21

the apex of the heart points down and towards the left.?

Question 22

where is the apex located

Answer 22

the 5th intercostal space - typically felt at the mid-clavicular line

Question 23

what are the rough ridges lining the inner of the right auricle known as

Answer 23

musculi pectanati

Question 24

what are the parts separated by

Answer 24

crista terminalis

Question 25

what is the interatrial septum

Answer 25

the wall between the right and left atrium

Question 26

whats the depression that lies in the interatrial septum called

Answer 26

the fossa ovalis - site of the foetal shunt

Question 27

what are the strong fibrous cords attached to the cusps of the tricuspid valves

Answer 27

chordae tendinae

Question 28

what project from the ventricle walls

Answer 28

papillary muscles

Question 29

what are the irregular bands and bundles of muscles called in the ventricles

Answer 29

trabeculae carnae

Question 30

what are the branches of the arch of aorta

Answer 30

- brachiocephalic artery - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery

Question 31

what are the branches of the descending thoracic aorta

Answer 31

(paired) - posterior intercostal arteries - bronchiole - oesophageal - mediastinal

Question 32

what are the branches of the descending abdominal aorta

Answer 32

(paired) - renal - gonadal - lumbar (unpaired) - coeliac - superior and inferior mesenteric.

Question 33

what veins flow into the RA from the heart above

Answer 33

the right and left brachiocephalic veins form the superior vena cava

Question 34

where does the inferior vena cava flow into the RA from

Answer 34

from below

Question 35

what veins feed into the inferior vena cava

Answer 35

Renal, gonadal and lumbar

Question 36

whats special about the portal vein

Answer 36

it does not open directly into the inferior vena cava - instead it does so via the liver.

Question 37

what does the ANS do

Answer 37

controls rate of contraction and speed of conductivity = co

Question 38

what is parasympathetic innervation of the heart by

Answer 38

the vagus nerve

Question 39

what is the path of the vagal nerves

Answer 39

theres the right and left vagal nerves that travel down the trachea and split at the heart into the vagal cardiac branches = form superficial and deep cardiac plexuses

Question 40

what nerve also carries pain (crushing pain associated with heart attacks)

Answer 40

sympathetic

Question 41

what lays behind the sternum

Answer 41

the heart

Question 42

whats murmers

Answer 42

when the valves don't close properly causing leaking of the blood

Question 43

what do leaky valves also cause the heart to do which requires surgery

Answer 43

enlarge