Heart anatomy and cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Sac surrounding the heart.

Has an inner visceral layer (epidcardium) that is continuous with the surface of the heart and an outer parietal layer.

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2
Q

Describe the position of the left atrium

A

At the back and in the middle

It is situated under the tracheal bifurcation (this has clinical importance)

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3
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton? What is its function?

A
  • Fibrous cardiac skeleton separates atria and ventricles
  • Serves as electrical insulation; ensures the only way impulses can pass through to ventricles is via the AV node
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4
Q

Describe the structure of cardiomyocytes

A
  • Large, cylindrical cells
  • Striated
  • Central nucleus
  • They form a functional electrical syncytium (can work as a unit)
  • Have intercalacted discs; gap junctions where electrical coupling can occur
  • Highly metabolically active so have many mitochondria
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5
Q

Explain the response to injury by cardiomyocytes

A
  • Cannot regenerate if damaged
  • Skeletal muscle cells use satellite cells to regenerate after damage, however cardiomyocytes do not have these
  • Ongoing area of stem cell research
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6
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Atrial systole

  • Walls of the atria contract, pushing the remaining blood from the atria into the ventricles
  • Semilunar valves are closed
  • The ventricles fill with blood
  • S4 may be heard here, if blood strikes a non-compliant left ventricle
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7
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Ventricular systole

  • This encompasses the phases isovolumetric contraction and rapid and reduced ejection
  • Walls of ventricles contract, increasing ventricular pressure
  • When this is higher than pressure in the atria, the AV valves close
  • This produces S1 - “LUB”
  • The pressure in the ventricles ncreases until it exceeds the pressure in the outgoing arteries
  • The semilunar valves open and blood flow into the outgoing arteries
  • Atria start to refill as they collect bloodfrom veins
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8
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

(Ventricular) diastole

  • This encompasses the phases isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling and diastasis
  • The ventricles relax
  • The pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than in the outgoing arties
  • The semilunar valves close, producing S2 - “DUB” and preventing the backflow of blood into the ventricles
  • When the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the atria, the AV valves open
  • Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles
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9
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Start of the cardiac cycle

  • Phase = diastasis, when both atria and ventricles are in diastole
  • The AV valves are open and blood is flowing passively into the ventricles
  • S3 may occur here, if blood strikes a compliant left ventricle
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10
Q

(ventricular) Systole

A

time between the onset of S1 and the onset of S2

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11
Q

Diastole

A

the time between the onset of S2 and the onset of S1

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12
Q

The red line represents the pressure in the _______ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

aorta

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13
Q

The blue line represents the pressure in the ____________ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

left ventricle

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14
Q

The green line represents the pressure in the _________ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

What does the purple line represent?

A
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16
Q

When will you hear S1 - A,B,C or D?

A

B - when the AV valves close

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17
Q

When will you hear S2 - A,B,C or D?

A

C - when the semilunar valves close.

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18
Q

1

A

Great vessels

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19
Q

2

A

Visceral pericardium (=epicardium)

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20
Q

3

A

Pericardial cavity (exaggerated in size)

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21
Q

4

A

Parietal pericardium

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22
Q

5

A

Fibrous pericardium

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23
Q

6

A

Mediastinal pleura

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24
Q

7

A

Sternopericardial ligament

25
Cranioventral view of right ventricle 1
Cusp of right atrioventricular valve
26
Cranioventral view of right ventricle 2
Chordae tendinae
27
Cranioventral view of right ventricle 3
Papillary muscles
28
Cranioventral view of right ventricle 4
Pulmonary valve
29
Cranioventral view of right ventricle 5
Right atrium
30
1
Right auricle
31
2
Right ventricle
32
3
Left ventricle
33
4
Left atrium
34
5
Aorta
35
6
Caudal vena cava
36
7
Trachea
37
1
Right ventricle
38
2
Left ventricle
39
3
Right atrium
40
4
Pulmonary trunk
41
Bovine heart: left view 1
Left ventricle
42
Bovine heart: left view 2
Paraconal interventricular branch of left coronary artery
43
Bovine heart: left view 2'
Circumflex branch of left coronary artery
44
Bovine heart: left view 3
Pulmonary trunk
45
Bovine heart: left view 4
Right auricle
46
Bovine heart: left view 5
Aorta
47
Bovine heart: left view 6
Ligamentum arteriosum
48
Bovine heart: left view 7
Cranial vena cava
49
Bovine heart: left view 8
Left and right pulmonary veins
50
Bovine heart: left view 9
Left azygous vein
51
Bovine heart: left view 10
Right azygous vein
52
Bovine heart: left view 11
Caudal vena cava
53
Bovine heart: right view 1
Left ventricle
54
Bovine heart: right view 2
Aorta
55
Bovine heart: right view 3
Cranial vena cava
56
Bovine heart: right view 4
Left pulmonary vein
57
Bovine heart: right view 5
Right azygous vein
58
Bovine heart: right view 6
Caudal vena cava
59
Bovine heart: right view 7
Right coronary artery