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Test 2 Blood/heart/vessels&veins > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Carried blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Transports blood to and from the rest of the body

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Efferent vessels; carry blood away from the heart

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4
Q

Veins

A

Afferent vessels; return blood to the heart

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5
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from the systemic circuit and passes it to the right ventricle which then pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

Left atrium

A

Collects blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the left ventricle, which pumps blood into the systemic circuit.

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7
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Surrounds the heart. Dense collagen fibers.

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8
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium that covers the outer surface of the heart.

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9
Q

Auricle

A

Expandable extension of an atrium is called this. Reminds of the external ear

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10
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Deep grove, marks the border between the atria and the ventricles

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular wall of the heart, forms the atria and ventricle. The layer contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. I’m

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

Covers the inner surfaces of the heart, including those heart valves.

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13
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Interlocking membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosome and linked by gap junctions. Contraction from cell to cell

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14
Q

Atrioventricular valves (av)

A

Folds of fibrous tissue that extend into the openings between that atria and ventricles. They permit blood to flow only on direction. Atria to the ventricles.

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15
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Originate at the ascending aorta and at the aortic sinuses. Blood pressure here is the highest in the systemic circuit.

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16
Q

Conducting system

A

A network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiates and distributes electrical impulses.

Includes: SA node- wall of right atrium
AV node: junction between the atria and ventricles
Conducting cells: interconnect the two nodes and distribute the contractile stimulus throughout the myocardium.

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17
Q

Cardiac physiology

A

Heartbeat; the entire heart contracts- first the atria and then ventricles. Two types of cardiac muscle cells are involved in a normal heartbeat.

  1. Specialized muscle cells of the conduction system control and coordinate
  2. Contractile cells produce powerful contraction that propel blood
18
Q

The SA node (sinoatrial)

A

Embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium. Contains pacemaker cells which establish the heart rate.
•connected to the larger AV node by the intermodal pathways in the atrial walls.

19
Q

The AV node (atrioventricular)

A

Sits within the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus. The impulse slows as t leaves the intermodal pathways and entire the AV node, because nodal cells are smaller in diameter then conducting cells.

20
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  • period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
  • systole- contraction, the chamber contractions and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber or into an arterial trunk. Systole is followed by diastole
  • diastole- or relaxation. During diastole, the chamber fills with blood and prepares for the next cardiac cycle.
21
Q

End diastolic volume

A

How full a ventricle is when it starts to contract

22
Q

End systolic volume

A

How much blood remains in a ventricle after it contracts

23
Q

EDV

A

Amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole, just before contraction begins.
Two factors of this volume: filling Time and venous return

24
Q

Filling time

A

Duration of ventricular diastole.

The faster the heart rate, the shorter is the time available for filling.

25
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretching in ventricular muscle cells during ventricular diastole. Preload is directly proportional to the EDV: the greater the EDV, the larger the preload.

26
Q

Atrial reflex

A

Involves adjustments in heart rate in response to an increase in the venous return(the amount of blood returning to the heart through veins).

27
Q

ESV

A

After the ventricle contracted and ejected the stroke volume, the amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of ventricular systole is the ESV. Determined by preload, contractility and after load

28
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Electrical events in the heart are powerful enough to be detected by electro nodes on the surface of the body.

29
Q

Artial systole

Eight steps in cardiac cycle

A

Artial contraction begins

Right and left AV valves are open

30
Q

Atria eject blood into ventricles

A

Filling ventricle

31
Q

Artial systole ends

A

AV valves close

Known as end-diastolic volume (EDV)

32
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Isovolumetric (volumes of ventricles do not change) ventricular contraction
Pressure in ventricles rises
AV valves shut

33
Q

Ventricular ejection

A 
Semilunar valves open
Blood flows into pulmonary and aortic trunks 
Stroke volume(sv)=60% of end diastolic volume
34
Q

Ventricular pressure falls

A

Semilunar valves close

35
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure
All heart valves are closed
Ventricles relaxes (isovolumetric relaxation)

36
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

If heart rate goes up, stroke volume goes down or heart rate goes down, stroke volume goes up

If heart rate goes up diastole, end diastolic volume will go down. Stroke volume should go up, heart rate should go down.

High EDV which increase stroke volume which makes heart rate go down

37
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Cardioacceleratory center: controls sympathetic neurons(increase heart rate)
Cardioinhibitory center: controls parasympathetic neurons(slows heart rate)

38
Q

Effects on SA node

A

ACh (parasympathetic stimulation)- slows the heart

NE(sympathetic stimulation)-speeds the heart

39
Q

EDV and stroke volume

A

• At rest
EDV is low
Myocardium stretches less
Stroke volume is low

•with exercise
EDV increases
Stroke volume increases
Myocardium stretches more

40
Q

Three factors that affect ESV

A

You want this to be low. EDV high, stroke volume high.

Preload: ventricular stretching during diastole
Contractility: forced produced during contraction, at a given preload.

Test 2 Blood/heart/vessels&veins (3 decks)

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