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A & P II exam 1 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral heart

A

We have 2 calf muscles that help blood pump back t the heart therefore we have 2 peripheral hearts

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right side of heart

It carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and then back to the heart

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3
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Left side of heart

Supplies oxygenated blood to all the tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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4
Q

Heart is located in

A

Mediastinum

Between the lungs

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5
Q

Base of the heart

A

Wide, superior position of heart

Large vessels are attached here

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6
Q

Apex of the heart

A

Tapered inferior end

Titled to the left

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

Allows the heart to beat without friction

Gives room to expand bu resists excessive expansion

Anchored to diaphragm inferiority and sternum anteriorly

Double walled sac

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8
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue

Deep thin serous layer

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9
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

EPICARDIUM

Serous membrane covering the heart

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10
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space inside the pericardial sac

filled with 5-30 mL of pericardial fluid

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11
Q

Pericarditis

A

Painful inflammation of the membranes

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12
Q

Why are ventricles thicker muscles

A

Because they are pumping blood

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13
Q

Why wis the right ventricle thinner than the left ventricle

A

Because the right ventricle sends blood to lungs

The left ventricle sends blood to the toes (WHICH IS THE FURTHEST DISTANCE) so it needs more cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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15
Q

Endocardium

A

INSIDE
MADE BY EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

VISCERAL PERICARDIUM

OUTSIDE

Serious membrane covering heart

Adipose in thick layer in some places

Coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

MIDDLE

Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to workload

Fibrous skeleton of the heart: framework of collagenous and elastic fibers

Provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue

Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of contractile activity

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18
Q

Cardiocytes

A

Striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus

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19
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Join cardiocytes end to end

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20
Q

Right and left atria chambers

A

Two superior chambers

Receive blood returning to heart

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21
Q

Right and left ventricle Chambers’s

A

Two inferior chambers

Pump blood into arteries

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22
Q

Veins contain ____ blood

A

CO2 contained

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23
Q

All veins carry CO2 contained blood EXCEPT

A

Pulmonary veins (WHICH CARRY O2 RICH BLOOD)

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24
Q

All arteries carry O2 rich blood EXCEPT

A

Pulmonary arteries (WHICH CARRY CO2 RICH BLOOD)

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25
Q

CYANOSIS

A

When someone a has a hole in their heart or septum

Lips and fingernails turn blue because you are getting less oxygen

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26
Q

Atrium is _____ blood

Ventricles are _______ blood

A

Atrium is receiving blood

Ventricles are pumping blood

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Ventricles fill up and contract at the same time
Ventricles relax at the same time

A

True

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28
Q

When ventricle contacts the atrium_____

A

Relaxes

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29
Q

When the atrium contracts the ventricle ____

A

Relaxes

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30
Q

Aorta carries O2 from the heart to

A

Other parts of the body

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31
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Longer

Come out aorta

Supplying right atrium and right ventricle

Supplies O2 and nutrients

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32
Q

Heart needs a lot of

A

O2 and glucose

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33
Q

Normal heart rate for adults

A

72-84bpm

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34
Q

Atrioventricular sulcus

A

Separates atria and ventricles

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35
Q

Interventricular sulcus

A

Overlies the inter ventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left

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36
Q

Sulci contain

A

Coronary arteries

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37
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Wall that separates atria

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38
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricle

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39
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Muscular wall that separates ventricles

SO THAT YOU DONT MIX THE CO2 FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE WITH THE O2 IN THE LEFT VENTRICLE double check

40
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Internal ridges in both ventricles

May prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction

41
Q

What is the job of a valve

A

Ensure one way flow of blood through the heart

42
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Control blood flow between atria and ventricles

43
Q

How many cusps does the right AV valve have

A

Three cusps THIS BECOMES A TRICUSPID VALVE

44
Q

How many cusps does the left AV valve have

A

2 cusps
THIS BECOMES THE MITRAL VALVE
OR THE BICUSPID

45
Q

Chordate tendineae

A

Cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles that are on the floor of ventricles

This prevents the AV valves from bulging into atria when ventricles contract

46
Q

The papillary muscle

A

Has 2-3 attachments to the heart floor to distribute physical stress, coordinate timing of electrical conduction and provide redundancy

47
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Control flow into arteries

Open and close because of blood flow and pressure

48
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Betweeen right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

49
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

50
Q

When the ventricles relax

A

Pressure drops inside the ventricles

Semilunar valves close as blood attempts to back up into the ventricles from the vessels

The AV valves open

Blood flows from atria to ventricles

51
Q

When the ventricles contact

A

AV valves close ass blood attempts to back up into the atria

Pressure rises inside the ventricles

Semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels

52
Q

Blood pathway travels from

A

The right atrium
To the pulmonary circuit
Then the systemic circuit
Back to the beginning

53
Q

Heart gets the coronary circulation to

A

Sustain its strenuous workload

Needs abundant O2 and nutrients

Left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery(RCA) branches off the ascending aorta

54
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Supplies blood into both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum

Supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

55
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

Supplies posterior walls of ventricles

56
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit (atheroma) can cause death of cardiac cells within minutes

57
Q

Arterial anastomoses

A

Provide alternative routes of blood flow(collateral circulation) within the myocardium when someone is having a heart attack

58
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain from partially obstruction of coronary blood flow

59
Q

Venous drainage

A

Most coronary blood returns to right atrium by CORONARY SINUS

Large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart

Collects blood and empties into right atrium

60
Q

The conduction system

A

Coordinates the heartbeat
[which is composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve like conduction pathways through myocardium]

Generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals in a specific order

61
Q

The order of electrical signals

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

Purkinje fibers

62
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Modified cardiocytes

Pacemaker initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate

Pacemaker in right atrium near base of superior vena cava

Signals spread throughout atria

63
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Located near the right AV Val ave at lower end of interatrial septum

Electrical gateway to the ventricles

Fibrous skeleton: insulator prevents currents from getting to ventricles by any route

64
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

Bundle forks into right and left bundle branches

Branches pass through interventricular septum toward apex

BUNDLE OF HIS

65
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Nerve like processes spread throughout ventricular myocardium

66
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Increase heart rate and contraction strength

Fibers terminate in SA and AV nodes, in atrial and ventricular myocardium (ALSO AORTA, PULMONARY TRUNK AND CORONARY ARTERIES )

67
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Slow heart rate (from the vagus nerves)

68
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Systole: contraction

Diastole: relaxation

Refers to the action of the ventricles

69
Q

Impulse conduction to the myocardium

A

Signal from SA node stimulates 2 atria to contract almost simultaneously
(Reaches AV node in 50 ms)

Signal slows down through AV node
(Delays signal 100 ms and this gives the ventricles time to fill)

Signals travel quickly through AV bundle and purkinje fibers

Ventricular systole progresses up from the apex of the heart

70
Q

Cardiocytes have a stable resting potential of ____ and depolarize only when stimulated

A

-90mV

71
Q

3 phases of cardiocytes action potential

A

Depolarization

Plateau

Repolarization

72
Q

Depolarization phase

A

Stimulus opens gates and Na+ comes in

Membrane depolarizers rapidly

Action potential. Peaks at +30mV

An+ gates close quickly

73
Q

Plateau phase

A

Sustains contraction for expulsion of blood from heart

Ca2+ channels open

74
Q

Repolarization phase:

A

Ca2+ channels close

K+ channels open

Rapid diffusion of K+ out of cell returns it to resting potential

75
Q

Electrical behavior of the myocardium

A

Na + gates open

Rapid depolarization

Na+ gates close

Slow Ca2+ channels open

Ca2+ channels close
K+ channels open (Repolarization)

76
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

ECG or EKG

Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, and chest

77
Q

P wave

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract

Atrial systole begins

78
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

79
Q

ST segment

A

Ventricular depolarization

80
Q

ST segment

A

Ventricular systole

Corresponds to plateau in myocardial action potential

81
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation

82
Q

Deviations of ECG from normal can indicate

A

Myocardial infarction

Abnormalities in conduction pathways

Heart enlargement

Electrolyte and hormone imbalances

83
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of heart

Total duration: 0.8 seconds

84
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds made by the body

85
Q

First heart sound (s1)

A

Louder
Longer

Lubb

Happens when the AV valves close , turbulence in the blood stream and movements of the heart wall

86
Q

Second heart sound (S2)

A

Softer and sharper
Dupp
When the semilunar valves close, turbulence in the blood stream and movements of the heart wall

NORMAL PEOPLE ONLY HAVE THESE TWO SOUNDS

87
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

4-6 L in one minute

88
Q

Pulse

A

Surge of pressure made by the heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery

89
Q

Heart rate of an infant

A

120 bpm or more

90
Q

Adult heart rate

A

72-80 bpm

91
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate over 90 bpm

Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, fever

Loss of blood. Or damage to myocardium

92
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate of less than 60 bpm

In sleep,low body temperature, and endurance trained athletes

93
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction

94
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

A constriction of the coronary arteries

Result of atherosclerosis

Begins when endothelium is damaged by hypertension or diabetes

95
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

An accumulation of lipid deposits that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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