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A & P II exam 1 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral heart

A

We have 2 calf muscles that help blood pump back t the heart therefore we have 2 peripheral hearts

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right side of heart

It carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and then back to the heart

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3
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Left side of heart

Supplies oxygenated blood to all the tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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4
Q

Heart is located in

A

Mediastinum

Between the lungs

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5
Q

Base of the heart

A

Wide, superior position of heart

Large vessels are attached here

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6
Q

Apex of the heart

A

Tapered inferior end

Titled to the left

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

Allows the heart to beat without friction

Gives room to expand bu resists excessive expansion

Anchored to diaphragm inferiority and sternum anteriorly

Double walled sac

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8
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue

Deep thin serous layer

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9
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

EPICARDIUM

Serous membrane covering the heart

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10
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space inside the pericardial sac

filled with 5-30 mL of pericardial fluid

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11
Q

Pericarditis

A

Painful inflammation of the membranes

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12
Q

Why are ventricles thicker muscles

A

Because they are pumping blood

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13
Q

Why wis the right ventricle thinner than the left ventricle

A

Because the right ventricle sends blood to lungs

The left ventricle sends blood to the toes (WHICH IS THE FURTHEST DISTANCE) so it needs more cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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15
Q

Endocardium

A

INSIDE
MADE BY EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels

Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

VISCERAL PERICARDIUM

OUTSIDE

Serious membrane covering heart

Adipose in thick layer in some places

Coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

MIDDLE

Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to workload

Fibrous skeleton of the heart: framework of collagenous and elastic fibers

Provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue

Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of contractile activity

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18
Q

Cardiocytes

A

Striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus

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19
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Join cardiocytes end to end

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20
Q

Right and left atria chambers

A

Two superior chambers

Receive blood returning to heart

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21
Q

Right and left ventricle Chambers’s

A

Two inferior chambers

Pump blood into arteries

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22
Q

Veins contain ____ blood

A

CO2 contained

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23
Q

All veins carry CO2 contained blood EXCEPT

A

Pulmonary veins (WHICH CARRY O2 RICH BLOOD)

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24
Q

All arteries carry O2 rich blood EXCEPT

A

Pulmonary arteries (WHICH CARRY CO2 RICH BLOOD)

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25
CYANOSIS
When someone a has a hole in their heart or septum Lips and fingernails turn blue because you are getting less oxygen
26
Atrium is _____ blood | Ventricles are _______ blood
Atrium is receiving blood Ventricles are pumping blood
27
TRUE OR FALSE Ventricles fill up and contract at the same time Ventricles relax at the same time
True
28
When ventricle contacts the atrium_____
Relaxes
29
When the atrium contracts the ventricle ____
Relaxes
30
Aorta carries O2 from the heart to
Other parts of the body
31
Right coronary artery
Longer Come out aorta Supplying right atrium and right ventricle Supplies O2 and nutrients
32
Heart needs a lot of
O2 and glucose
33
Normal heart rate for adults
72-84bpm
34
Atrioventricular sulcus
Separates atria and ventricles
35
Interventricular sulcus
Overlies the inter ventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left
36
Sulci contain
Coronary arteries
37
Interatrial septum
Wall that separates atria
38
Pectinate muscles
Internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricle
39
Interventricular septum
Muscular wall that separates ventricles SO THAT YOU DONT MIX THE CO2 FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE WITH THE O2 IN THE LEFT VENTRICLE *double check*
40
Trabeculae carneae
Internal ridges in both ventricles May prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction
41
What is the job of a valve
Ensure one way flow of blood through the heart
42
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Control blood flow between atria and ventricles
43
How many cusps does the right AV valve have
Three cusps THIS BECOMES A TRICUSPID VALVE
44
How many cusps does the left AV valve have
2 cusps THIS BECOMES THE MITRAL VALVE OR THE BICUSPID
45
Chordate tendineae
Cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscles that are on the floor of ventricles This prevents the AV valves from bulging into atria when ventricles contract
46
The papillary muscle
Has 2-3 attachments to the heart floor to distribute physical stress, coordinate timing of electrical conduction and provide redundancy
47
Semilunar valves
Control flow into arteries Open and close because of blood flow and pressure
48
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Betweeen right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
49
Aortic semilunar valve
Between left ventricle and aorta
50
When the ventricles relax
Pressure drops inside the ventricles Semilunar valves close as blood attempts to back up into the ventricles from the vessels The AV valves open Blood flows from atria to ventricles
51
When the ventricles contact
AV valves close ass blood attempts to back up into the atria Pressure rises inside the ventricles Semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels
52
Blood pathway travels from
The right atrium To the pulmonary circuit Then the systemic circuit Back to the beginning
53
Heart gets the coronary circulation to
Sustain its strenuous workload Needs abundant O2 and nutrients Left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery(RCA) branches off the ascending aorta
54
Left coronary artery
Supplies blood into both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum Supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
55
Right coronary artery
Supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Supplies posterior walls of ventricles
56
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack Interruption of blood supply to the heart from a blood clot or fatty deposit (atheroma) can cause death of cardiac cells within minutes
57
Arterial anastomoses
Provide alternative routes of blood flow(collateral circulation) within the myocardium when someone is having a heart attack
58
Angina pectoris
Chest pain from partially obstruction of coronary blood flow
59
Venous drainage
Most coronary blood returns to right atrium by CORONARY SINUS Large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart Collects blood and empties into right atrium
60
The conduction system
Coordinates the heartbeat [which is composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve like conduction pathways through myocardium] Generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals in a specific order
61
The order of electrical signals
Sinoatrial node (SA) Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle Purkinje fibers
62
Sinoatrial node
Modified cardiocytes Pacemaker initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate Pacemaker in right atrium near base of superior vena cava Signals spread throughout atria
63
Atrioventricular node
Located near the right AV Val ave at lower end of interatrial septum Electrical gateway to the ventricles Fibrous skeleton: insulator prevents currents from getting to ventricles by any route
64
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle forks into right and left bundle branches Branches pass through interventricular septum toward apex BUNDLE OF HIS
65
Purkinje fibers
Nerve like processes spread throughout ventricular myocardium
66
Sympathetic nerves
Increase heart rate and contraction strength Fibers terminate in SA and AV nodes, in atrial and ventricular myocardium (ALSO AORTA, PULMONARY TRUNK AND CORONARY ARTERIES )
67
Parasympathetic nerves
Slow heart rate (from the vagus nerves)
68
Cardiac cycle
Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation Refers to the action of the ventricles
69
Impulse conduction to the myocardium
Signal from SA node stimulates 2 atria to contract almost simultaneously (Reaches AV node in 50 ms) Signal slows down through AV node (Delays signal 100 ms and this gives the ventricles time to fill) Signals travel quickly through AV bundle and purkinje fibers Ventricular systole progresses up from the apex of the heart
70
Cardiocytes have a stable resting potential of ____ and depolarize only when stimulated
-90mV
71
3 phases of cardiocytes action potential
Depolarization Plateau Repolarization
72
Depolarization phase
Stimulus opens gates and Na+ comes in Membrane depolarizers rapidly Action potential. Peaks at +30mV An+ gates close quickly
73
Plateau phase
Sustains contraction for expulsion of blood from heart | Ca2+ channels open
74
Repolarization phase:
Ca2+ channels close K+ channels open Rapid diffusion of K+ out of cell returns it to resting potential
75
Electrical behavior of the myocardium
Na + gates open Rapid depolarization Na+ gates close Slow Ca2+ channels open Ca2+ channels close K+ channels open (Repolarization)
76
Electrocardiogram
ECG or EKG Composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, and chest
77
P wave
SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract Atrial systole begins
78
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
79
ST segment
Ventricular depolarization
80
ST segment
Ventricular systole Corresponds to plateau in myocardial action potential
81
T wave
Ventricular repolarization and relaxation
82
Deviations of ECG from normal can indicate
Myocardial infarction Abnormalities in conduction pathways Heart enlargement Electrolyte and hormone imbalances
83
Cardiac cycle
One complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of heart Total duration: 0.8 seconds
84
Auscultation
Listening to sounds made by the body
85
First heart sound (s1)
Louder Longer Lubb Happens when the AV valves close , turbulence in the blood stream and movements of the heart wall
86
Second heart sound (S2)
Softer and sharper Dupp When the semilunar valves close, turbulence in the blood stream and movements of the heart wall NORMAL PEOPLE ONLY HAVE THESE TWO SOUNDS
87
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute CO= heart rate x stroke volume 4-6 L in one minute
88
Pulse
Surge of pressure made by the heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery
89
Heart rate of an infant
120 bpm or more
90
Adult heart rate
72-80 bpm
91
Tachycardia
Heart rate over 90 bpm Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, fever Loss of blood. Or damage to myocardium
92
Bradycardia
Heart rate of less than 60 bpm In sleep,low body temperature, and endurance trained athletes
93
Stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction
94
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
A constriction of the coronary arteries Result of atherosclerosis Begins when endothelium is damaged by hypertension or diabetes
95
Atherosclerosis
An accumulation of lipid deposits that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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