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A & P II exam 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

the circulatory system consists of

A

heart
blood vessels
and blood

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2
Q

cardiovascular system refers to

A

heart

blood vessels

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3
Q

hematology

A

study of blood

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4
Q

functions of circulatory system

A

-Transport
O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

O2 COMES FROM LUNGS (ALVEOLI) THEN IT GOES TO THE HEART AND THEN TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY

NUTRIENTS COME FROM THE DIGESTIVE SYSEM

-Protection
Inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting

MICROORGANISMS INCLUDE BACTERIA AND FUNGUS

INITIATION OF CLOTTING HELPS TO STOP BLEEDING
-Regulation
Fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control

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5
Q

how many liters of blood do adults have

A

4-6L

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6
Q

blood:

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

MADE BY PLASMA AND FORMED ELEMENTS

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7
Q

plasma

A

matrix of blood

Clear, light yellow fluid

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8
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and cell fragments
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

PLATELETS= THROMBOCYTES

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (RBCS)

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10
Q

platelets

A

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

AKA THROMBOCYTES

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11
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBCs)

THERE ARE 5 LEUKOCYTE TYPES DIVIDED INTO 2 CATEGORIES

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes

must know

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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13
Q

what types of leukocytes are considered granulocytes (with granules)

must know*

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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14
Q

what leukocytes are considered agranulocytes

must know

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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15
Q

red blood cells

A
  • Small, biconcave disks
  • Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones**
  • Doesn’t have a nucleus and contain hemoglobin

IS A FORMED ELEMENT
LIFE SPAN 120 DAYS

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16
Q

white blood cells

A
  • Most types larger than red blood cells
  • Have a nucleus and lack hemoglobin
  • Important in inflammatory response
  • Neutrophils enter tissue fluid and phagocytize foreign material
  • Lymphocytes (T Cells) attack infected cells
  • Antigens cause body to produce antibodies
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17
Q

platelets

A

-Result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
PLATELETS FORM FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES

-Involved in coagulation
COAGULATION IS THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOTS

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18
Q

blood clot consists of

A
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • All entangled within fibrin threads

FIBRINOGEN WORKS WITH PLATELETS TO FORM BLOOD CLOTS

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19
Q

homeostasis functions of blood

A
  • Transports substances to and from capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid
  • Guards against pathogen invasion
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Buffers body pH
  • Maintain osmotic pressure
  • Clots prevent blood/fluid loss
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20
Q

serum

A

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed

Identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

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21
Q

what are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins

A

albumins: smallest
globulins: a form of immunoglobulin, works as antibodies
fibrinogen: helps in blood clotting

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22
Q

albumins

A

smallest and most abundant

Contribute to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

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23
Q

globulins (antibodies)

A

Provide immune system functions

Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

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24
Q

fibrinogen

A

Precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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25
plasma proteins are formed by liver
Except globulins (produced by plasma cells)
26
hemopoiesis
production of blood, especially its formed elements
27
hemopoietic tissues
produce blood cells -stem cells produces for blood cells In fetal life bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus - Liver stops producing blood cells at birth - After birth only red bone marrow - Spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production
28
Main functions of erythrocytes
- Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues | - Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs
29
Insufficient RBCs can cause death in minutes due to
lack of oxygen to tissues
30
form and function of erythrocytes
7. 5 μm diameter and 2.0 μm thick at rim - Lack mitochondria - Anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP - Lack of nucleus and DNA - No protein synthesis or mitosis
31
each hemoglobin (Hb) molecules consists of
-Four protein chains—globins •Globins bind CO2 (5% of CO2 in blood) -Four heme groups
32
heme groups
Nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center IRON MOLECULES HOLD O2 IN PLACE
33
Hematocrit (packed cell volume):
percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
34
Hemoglobin concentration of whole blood in men and women ***must know***
Men 13 to 18 g/dL; women 12 to 16 g/dL WOMEN HAVE LESS BC THEY HAVE MENSTRUALS
35
RBC count in men and women
Men 4.6 to 6.2 million/μL; women 4.2 to 5.4 million/μL
36
RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate amount of _________ blood can carry
oxygen (O2)
37
erythropoiesis
RBC production | Average lifespan of about 120 days
38
RBC hemolysis occurs in
spleen and liver
39
leukopoiesis
production of white blood cells
40
Negative feedback control
- drop in RBC count causes HYPOXEMIA detected by kidney - kidney production of erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow - RBC count increases in 3-4 days KIDNEY RELEASES ERYTHROPOIETIN TO RED BONE MARROW TO MAKE MORE RED BLOOD CELLS
41
stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis | what increases the amount of erythropoiesis
- low levels of O2 - high altitiude - increase in exercise - loss of lung tissue in emphysema
42
anemia
is from a low amount or abnormal amount of RBC or from low levels/defective types of hemoglobin
43
normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels
12-14 g/100 mL of blood
44
low Hb level
below 9 g/ 100mL of blood | THIS IS CONSIDERED ANEMIA
45
Signs of anemia
``` fatigue weakness faintness headache increase heart and respiratory rates ```
46
sickle cell disease
hereditary defect mostly in african people caused by a modified gene that modifies structure of Hb (to make HbS) of the beta chain THEREFORE IT BECOMES FRAGILE HbS doesnt bind to O2 well RBC become sticky and rigid They clump together and block small blood vessels Can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke (FROM LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY), joint pain (BECAUSE RED BONE MARROW IS WORKING TOO MUCH) , or paralysis Heterozygotes (only one sickle cell allele) are immune to malaria
47
blood types are based on
interactions between antigens on RBC and antibodies in plasma
48
antigens
- protein on surface of RBC that is the basis for blood typing - activate an immune response - genetically unique to the person
49
antibodies
- proteins (gamma globulins) bind to antigens | - forms antigen-antibody complexes
50
agglutinins
antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch binds to antigens causes RBC clumping SURFACE ANTIGENS
51
blood type is determined by
-the presence/absense of agglutinogens
52
Rh (D) agglutinogens
the most reactive | when a patient has D antigen (agglutinogens) on RBC they are Rh+
53
hemolytic disease of a newborn
Rh- mom forms antibodies and is pregnant with a second Rh+ child HAPPENS WHEN THE FATHER IS RH+ Anti D antibodies can cross placenta and attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome USUALLY ARE GIVEN 2 INJECTIONS: 1 AT 28 WEEKS AND 1 AFTER LABOR IN FIRST PREGNANCY
54
prevention of hemolytic disease
RhoGAM is given to pregnant Rh- woman and binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she cant form anti D antibodies THIS IS THE INJECTION
55
White blood cells
LEUKOCYTES | Protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens
56
What are the 2 types of WBC
Granulocytes | Agranulocytes
57
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
58
What are the two types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
59
Granules
All WBC have lysosomes aka granules | Have specific granules that contain enzymes and other chemicals in defense against pathogens
60
Hemoglobin contains
Heme (iron) Globin (protein chain)
61
Hemostasis
Stops the bleeding
62
What are the 4 types of tissue
Connective Nervous Muscular Epithelial
62
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
62
What kind of tissue is the heart made out of
Cardiac muscle tissue
62
What kind of tissue is blood made of
Fluid connective tissue
62
Hemopoiesis
Formation of blood
62
Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis all occur in the
Red bone marrow
62
How many alpha and beta chains are in adult Hb?
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
62
How many alpha and gamma chains are in fetal Hb?
2 Alpha chains and 2 gamma chain
62
What are the signs of anemia
``` Fatigue Skin pallor Weakness Faint Headache SKULL BONES CONTAIN RBC SO THE STRESS OF TRYING TO MAKE MORE RBC CAN CAUSE HEADACHE Increased heart and respiratory rates ```
63
Causes of anemia
Kidney failure and I suffice to erythropoietin Iron deficiency anemia Hemorrhagic anemia’s from bleeding Hemolytic anemia’s from RBC destruction
64
What antigens and antibody are found in blood type A
(A) antigen on red blood cells (Anti B) antibody in plasma
65
What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type B
(B) antigen on red blood cells (Anti A) antibody in plasma
66
What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type AB
(A, B) antigen on red blood cells NO ANTIBODY IN PLASMA
67
What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type O
NO ANTIGEN ON RED BLOOD CELLS (Anti A and Anti B) antibodies in plasma
68
Neutrophils
60-70% Most numerous type of phagocyte (ENGULFING AND DESTROYING BACTERIA) Polymorphonuclear (MULTIPLE LOBES WITHIN THE NUCLEUS) leukocytes Increase in bacterial infections
69
Eosinophils
2-4% Fight against parasites and parasitic worms Involved in allergic reactions
70
Basophils
Less than 1% Related to mast cells in tissue spaces Both mast cells and basophils secrete histamine (related to inflammation)
71
Monocytes
3-8% Agranular leukocytes Largest WBC Develop into much larger cells (MACROPHAGES) after leaving blood to enter tissue spaces WORKS LIKE A SPY BECAUSE WHEN IT LEAVES BLOOD TO ENTER TISSUE SPACES IT GETS CALLED MACROPHAGES. (Spies get new names on new missions)
72
Lymphocytes
25-33% Kidney shaped B lymphocytes (plasma cells) and t lymphocytes B lymphocytes involved in immunity against diseases by secretion of antibodies T lymphocytes involved in direct attack on bacteria or cancer cells
73
Leukopenia
Low WBC count Below 5,000 Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease Effects: elevated risk of infection
74
Leukocytosis
High WBC count Above 10,000 Causes: infection, allergy, disease Differential WBC count: identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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