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A & P II exam 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

the circulatory system consists of

A

heart
blood vessels
and blood

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2
Q

cardiovascular system refers to

A

heart

blood vessels

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3
Q

hematology

A

study of blood

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4
Q

functions of circulatory system

A

-Transport
O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

O2 COMES FROM LUNGS (ALVEOLI) THEN IT GOES TO THE HEART AND THEN TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY

NUTRIENTS COME FROM THE DIGESTIVE SYSEM

-Protection
Inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting

MICROORGANISMS INCLUDE BACTERIA AND FUNGUS

INITIATION OF CLOTTING HELPS TO STOP BLEEDING
-Regulation
Fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control

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5
Q

how many liters of blood do adults have

A

4-6L

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6
Q

blood:

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix

MADE BY PLASMA AND FORMED ELEMENTS

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7
Q

plasma

A

matrix of blood

Clear, light yellow fluid

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8
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and cell fragments
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

PLATELETS= THROMBOCYTES

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9
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (RBCS)

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10
Q

platelets

A

Cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow

AKA THROMBOCYTES

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11
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBCs)

THERE ARE 5 LEUKOCYTE TYPES DIVIDED INTO 2 CATEGORIES

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes

must know

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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13
Q

what types of leukocytes are considered granulocytes (with granules)

must know*

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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14
Q

what leukocytes are considered agranulocytes

must know

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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15
Q

red blood cells

A
  • Small, biconcave disks
  • Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones**
  • Doesn’t have a nucleus and contain hemoglobin

IS A FORMED ELEMENT
LIFE SPAN 120 DAYS

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16
Q

white blood cells

A
  • Most types larger than red blood cells
  • Have a nucleus and lack hemoglobin
  • Important in inflammatory response
  • Neutrophils enter tissue fluid and phagocytize foreign material
  • Lymphocytes (T Cells) attack infected cells
  • Antigens cause body to produce antibodies
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17
Q

platelets

A

-Result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
PLATELETS FORM FROM MEGAKARYOCYTES

-Involved in coagulation
COAGULATION IS THE FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOTS

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18
Q

blood clot consists of

A
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • All entangled within fibrin threads

FIBRINOGEN WORKS WITH PLATELETS TO FORM BLOOD CLOTS

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19
Q

homeostasis functions of blood

A
  • Transports substances to and from capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid
  • Guards against pathogen invasion
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Buffers body pH
  • Maintain osmotic pressure
  • Clots prevent blood/fluid loss
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20
Q

serum

A

remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed

Identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen

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21
Q

what are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins

A

albumins: smallest
globulins: a form of immunoglobulin, works as antibodies
fibrinogen: helps in blood clotting

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22
Q

albumins

A

smallest and most abundant

Contribute to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance

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23
Q

globulins (antibodies)

A

Provide immune system functions

Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

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24
Q

fibrinogen

A

Precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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25
Q

plasma proteins are formed by liver

A

Except globulins (produced by plasma cells)

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26
Q

hemopoiesis

A

production of blood, especially its formed elements

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27
Q

hemopoietic tissues

A

produce blood cells

-stem cells produces for blood cells
In fetal life bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus

  • Liver stops producing blood cells at birth
  • After birth only red bone marrow
  • Spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production
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28
Q

Main functions of erythrocytes

A
  • Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues

- Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs

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29
Q

Insufficient RBCs can cause death in minutes due to

A

lack of oxygen to tissues

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30
Q

form and function of erythrocytes

A
  1. 5 μm diameter and 2.0 μm thick at rim
    - Lack mitochondria
    - Anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP
    - Lack of nucleus and DNA
    - No protein synthesis or mitosis
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31
Q

each hemoglobin (Hb) molecules consists of

A

-Four protein chains—globins

•Globins bind CO2 (5% of CO2 in blood)

-Four heme groups

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32
Q

heme groups

A

Nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center

IRON MOLECULES HOLD O2 IN PLACE

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33
Q

Hematocrit (packed cell volume):

A

percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

34
Q

Hemoglobin concentration of whole blood in men and women

must know

A

Men 13 to 18 g/dL; women 12 to 16 g/dL

WOMEN HAVE LESS BC THEY HAVE MENSTRUALS

35
Q

RBC count in men and women

A

Men 4.6 to 6.2 million/μL; women 4.2 to 5.4 million/μL

36
Q

RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate amount of _________ blood can carry

A

oxygen (O2)

37
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production

Average lifespan of about 120 days

38
Q

RBC hemolysis occurs in

A

spleen and liver

39
Q

leukopoiesis

A

production of white blood cells

40
Q

Negative feedback control

A
  • drop in RBC count causes HYPOXEMIA detected by kidney
  • kidney production of erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow
  • RBC count increases in 3-4 days

KIDNEY RELEASES ERYTHROPOIETIN TO RED BONE MARROW TO MAKE MORE RED BLOOD CELLS

41
Q

stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

what increases the amount of erythropoiesis

A
  • low levels of O2
  • high altitiude
  • increase in exercise
  • loss of lung tissue in emphysema
42
Q

anemia

A

is from a low amount or abnormal amount of RBC or from low levels/defective types of hemoglobin

43
Q

normal hemoglobin (Hb) levels

A

12-14 g/100 mL of blood

44
Q

low Hb level

A

below 9 g/ 100mL of blood

THIS IS CONSIDERED ANEMIA

45
Q

Signs of anemia

A 
fatigue
weakness
faintness
headache
increase heart and respiratory rates
46
Q

sickle cell disease

A

hereditary defect
mostly in african people
caused by a modified gene that modifies structure of Hb (to make HbS) of the beta chain THEREFORE IT BECOMES FRAGILE

HbS doesnt bind to O2 well
RBC become sticky and rigid
They clump together and block small blood vessels
Can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke (FROM LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY), joint pain (BECAUSE RED BONE MARROW IS WORKING TOO MUCH) , or paralysis
Heterozygotes (only one sickle cell allele) are immune to malaria

47
Q

blood types are based on

A

interactions between antigens on RBC and antibodies in plasma

48
Q

antigens

A
  • protein on surface of RBC that is the basis for blood typing
  • activate an immune response
  • genetically unique to the person
49
Q

antibodies

A
  • proteins (gamma globulins) bind to antigens

- forms antigen-antibody complexes

50
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

binds to antigens

causes RBC clumping

SURFACE ANTIGENS

51
Q

blood type is determined by

A

-the presence/absense of agglutinogens

52
Q

Rh (D) agglutinogens

A

the most reactive

when a patient has D antigen (agglutinogens) on RBC they are Rh+

53
Q

hemolytic disease of a newborn

A

Rh- mom forms antibodies and is pregnant with a second Rh+ child

HAPPENS WHEN THE FATHER IS RH+

Anti D antibodies can cross placenta and attack fetal blood causing severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome

USUALLY ARE GIVEN 2 INJECTIONS: 1 AT 28 WEEKS AND 1 AFTER LABOR IN FIRST PREGNANCY

54
Q

prevention of hemolytic disease

A

RhoGAM is given to pregnant Rh- woman and binds fetal agglutinogens in her blood so she cant form anti D antibodies

THIS IS THE INJECTION

55
Q

White blood cells

A

LEUKOCYTES

Protect against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens

56
Q

What are the 2 types of WBC

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

57
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

58
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

59
Q

Granules

A

All WBC have lysosomes aka granules

Have specific granules that contain enzymes and other chemicals in defense against pathogens

60
Q

Hemoglobin contains

A

Heme (iron)

Globin (protein chain)

61
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stops the bleeding

62
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

Connective
Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial

62
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

62
Q

What kind of tissue is the heart made out of

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

62
Q

What kind of tissue is blood made of

A

Fluid connective tissue

62
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood

62
Q

Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis all occur in the

A

Red bone marrow

62
Q

How many alpha and beta chains are in adult Hb?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

62
Q

How many alpha and gamma chains are in fetal Hb?

A

2 Alpha chains and 2 gamma chain

62
Q

What are the signs of anemia

A 
Fatigue 
Skin pallor
Weakness
Faint
Headache SKULL BONES CONTAIN RBC SO THE STRESS OF TRYING TO MAKE MORE RBC CAN CAUSE HEADACHE 
Increased heart and respiratory rates
63
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Kidney failure and I suffice to erythropoietin

Iron deficiency anemia

Hemorrhagic anemia’s from bleeding

Hemolytic anemia’s from RBC destruction

64
Q

What antigens and antibody are found in blood type A

A

(A) antigen on red blood cells

(Anti B) antibody in plasma

65
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type B

A

(B) antigen on red blood cells

(Anti A) antibody in plasma

66
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type AB

A

(A, B) antigen on red blood cells

NO ANTIBODY IN PLASMA

67
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in blood type O

A

NO ANTIGEN ON RED BLOOD CELLS

(Anti A and Anti B) antibodies in plasma

68
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70%

Most numerous type of phagocyte
(ENGULFING AND DESTROYING BACTERIA)

Polymorphonuclear (MULTIPLE LOBES WITHIN THE NUCLEUS) leukocytes

Increase in bacterial infections

69
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4%

Fight against parasites and parasitic worms

Involved in allergic reactions

70
Q

Basophils

A

Less than 1%

Related to mast cells in tissue spaces

Both mast cells and basophils secrete histamine (related to inflammation)

71
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8%

Agranular leukocytes

Largest WBC

Develop into much larger cells (MACROPHAGES) after leaving blood to enter tissue spaces

WORKS LIKE A SPY BECAUSE WHEN IT LEAVES BLOOD TO ENTER TISSUE SPACES IT GETS CALLED MACROPHAGES. (Spies get new names on new missions)

72
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25-33%

Kidney shaped

B lymphocytes (plasma cells) and t lymphocytes

B lymphocytes involved in immunity against diseases by secretion of antibodies

T lymphocytes involved in direct attack on bacteria or cancer cells

73
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count

Below 5,000

Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease

Effects: elevated risk of infection

74
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count

Above 10,000

Causes: infection, allergy, disease

Differential WBC count: identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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