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A & P II exam 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine and nervous systems specialize in

A

communication and coordination

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • Have ducts; carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract: “external secretions”
  • Extracellular effects: food digestion
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3
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • No ducts
  • Contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
  • “Internal secretions”
  • Intracellular effects: altering target cell metabolism
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4
Q

what are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

A
  • gap junctions
  • neurotransmitters
  • paracrines
  • hormones
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5
Q

gap junctions

A

Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
DIRECT COMMUNICATION

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION
limited to very specific area

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7
Q

paracrines

A

limited to a local area

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

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8
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
ENDOCRINE COMMUNICATION

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9
Q

target organs or cells

A
  • those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it
  • Some target cells possess enzymes that convert a circulating hormone to its more active form

(the endorcrine works on target cells)

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10
Q

nervous system

A
  • reacts quickly (ms timescale),
  • stops quickly
  • response declines (adapts quickly) to long-term stimuli
  • targeted and specific (one organ)
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11
Q

endocrine system

A
  • reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer
  • response persists (adapts slowly) to long-term stimuli
  • general, widespread effects (many organs)
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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

is suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk—infundibulum

Composed of two structures

  • anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
  • posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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13
Q

what are the hormones in the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A
  1. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. prolactin (PH)
  6. growth hormone (GH or SOMATOTROPIN)
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14
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH triggers the thyroid glands to the release thyroid hormones

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15
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release the glucocorticoids

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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males

WORKS ON GONADS

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • LH causes ovulation and progesterone production in females and androgen (testosterone) production in males
  • Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

WORKS ON GONADS

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18
Q

prolactin

A

PH stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production

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19
Q

growth hormone

A

‘somatotropin’

GH stimulates cell growth and replication
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

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20
Q

what are the hormones produced in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. oxytocin (OT)

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21
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A
  • Increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume, and preventing dehydration
  • Elevates blood pressure by vasoconstriction
  • diabetes insipidus
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22
Q

oxytocin

A
  • Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus during childbirth
  • Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands during lactation
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23
Q

acromegaly

A

pituitary disorder w/ hyper-secretion of growth hormone

thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults
Especially hands, feet, and face

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24
Q

gigantism

A

pituitary disorder w/ hyper-secretion of growth hormone

Problems in childhood or adolescence (before growth plates are fused)

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25
how many hormones produced in the hypothalamus
8
26
how many hypothalamus hormones regulate the anterior pituitary
6
27
how many hypothalamus hormones are releases into capillaries in the posterior pituitary
2
28
TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH are
releasing hormones that promote anterior pituitary secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH
29
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
promotes the release of TSH
30
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
causes the secretion of ACTH
31
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
from hypothalamus promotes the secretion of FSH and LH
32
Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)
inhibits secretion of prolactin, and somatostatin inhibits secretion growth hormone(GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary
33
control of endocrine activity
- Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems - Hypothalamus secrets regulatory hormones (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that control the activity of the pituitary gland - Releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit activity of pituitary gland - Regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth - Many of its functions carried out by pituitary gland
34
control of pituitary secretion
- Rates of secretion are not constant - Regulated by hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs Hypothalamic and cerebral control: - Brain monitors conditions and influences anterior pituitary accordingly ex) In times of stress, hypothalamus triggers release of ACTH ex) During pregnancy, hypothalamus triggers prolactin secretion - Posterior pituitary is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexs - Hypothalamic osmoreceptors trigger release of ADH when they detect a rise in blood osmolarity - Infant suckling triggers hypothalamic response to release oxytocin
35
negative feedback
increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones Example: thyroid hormone+ inhibits release of TRH by hypothalamus and of TSH by anterior pituitary MOST HORMONES = NEGATIVE FEEDBACK "WE ARE ENOUGH DO NOT GIVE US MORE"
36
positive feedback
Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery EX: BLOOD CLOT FORMATION WHEN WE NEED EXCESS SECRETION "WE ARE MORE GIVE US MORE"
37
jobs of growth hormone
-GH has widespread effects on the body tissues (Especially cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat) - Protein synthesis increases - Lipid metabolism increases - Carbohydrate metabolism--stimulates glucose secretion by liver - Electrolyte balance: promotes Na+, K+, and Cl− retention by kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorption in intestine - Bone growth, thickening, and remodeling influenced, especially during childhood and adolescence - Secretion high during first 2 hours of sleep - Can peak in response to vigorous exercise - GH levels decline gradually with age
38
pineal gland
Synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night | May synchronize physiological function with 24-hour circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness
39
thyroid gland
- Secretes thyroxine (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3) in response to TSH - Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production appetite, alertness, reflex speed - Thyroid follicles—lined by simple cuboidal epithelium contain protein-rich colloid - Parafollicular C cells secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium CALCIUM: BONES" LOWER BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL
40
parathyroid gland
- Usually four glands partially embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland - Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hypocalcemia - Increases blood Ca2+ levels - Promotes synthesis of calcitriol - Increases absorption of Ca2+ - Decreases urinary excretion of Ca2+ - Increases bone resorption
41
When calcium levels decrease in the blood, parathyroid glands produce PTH PTH increase blood calcium level by:
1. Releasing stored calcium from the bones 2. Stimulating production of calcitriol at the kidney. Calcitriol increases absorption of calcium by the digestive system 3. Enhance reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
42
When calcium levels increase in the blood, thyroid glands produce calcitonin. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium level by:
1. Increasing excretion of calcium by the kidneys 2. Increase calcium deposition in the bones 3. Stop osteoclast
43
adrenal gland
consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla | SUPRATERNAL GLAND
44
adrenal cortex
Outer Cortex secretes several corticosteroids (steroid) hormones from three layers 1) Zona glomerulosa (outer layer) 2) Zona fasciculata (middle layer) 3) Zona reticularis (inner layer)
45
adrenal medulla
inner medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
46
what are the effects of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (catecholamines)
- Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity for fight-or-flight situation - Increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate - Decrease digestion and urine production
47
Mineralocorticoids
from zona glomerulosa - Steroid hormones that regulate electrolyte balance - Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion - Water is retained with sodium, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained
48
glucocorticoids
- Secreted by zona fasciculata in response to ACTH - Cortisol increase blood glucose level --Anti-inflammatory effect
49
sex steroids
- Secreted by zona reticularis | - Androgens: large role in male development (convert to testosterone)
50
cushing syndrome
adrenal disorders excess cortisol secretion - Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema - Rapid muscle and bone loss due to protein catabolism - Abnormal fat deposition - Moon face and buffalo hump
51
pancreatic islets
- Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets - Alpha cells secrete glucagon ALSO GH AND ADRENAL GLAND HORMONES -Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by the liver WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS LOWE UNCONTROLLED DIABETES MELLITUS -Beta cells secrete insulin -Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS HIGH HAS NO HELP FROM OTHER HORMONES
52
diabetes mellitus
hyposecretion or inaction of insulin Symptoms -Polyuria (excess urine output), polydipsia (intense thirst), and polyphagia (hunger) - Revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine - Polyuria (with thirst and dehydration) - Excess glucose enters urine and water follows it
53
type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- 5% to 10% of cases in United States - Insulin is always used to treat type 1 - Insulin injections, insulin pump, or dry insulin inhaler - Monitoring blood glucose levels and controlled diet - Hereditary - autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
54
type 2 (NIDDM)
90% to 95% of diabetics - Problem is insulin resistance - Failure of target cells to respond to insulin - Risk factors are age (40+), obesity - Treated with weight-loss program and exercise: - If necessary, also use glycemia-lowering oral medications
55
thymus
plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic, immune Bilobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart Goes through involution after puberty Site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense Secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes
56
gonads
Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine Exocrine : eggs and sperm Endocrine : gonadal hormones—steroids Ovarian hormones Estrogen and progesterone Testicular hormones Testosterone
57
ovary
After ovulation, the remains of the follicle becomes the corpus luteum -Secretes progesterone for 12 days following ovulation Functions of estradiol and progesterone - Development of female reproductive system and physique including adolescent bone growth - Regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy
58
testis
-Testes produce sperm -Testicular hormones Testosterone Stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent
59
kidneys
-Produces erythropoietin -Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs FROM RED BONE MARROW
60
the endocrine system uses _____ a. hormones b. neurotransmitters
hormones
61
the nervous system uses ______ a. hormones b. neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters
62
pancreas is a mixed gland*****
mixed gland is both exocrine and endocrine
63
diabetes insipidus
chronic polyuria: having to pee a lot
64
hypersecretion
excess
65
hyposecretion
having less than normal
66
what are the 2 thyroid disorders
cretinism | goiter
67
cretinism
hyposecretion in children mentally disabled slow learner growth is slower
68
goiter
swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland
69
zona glomerulosa
outer layer | secretes mineralocorticoids
70
zona fasiculata
middle layer | secretes glucocorticoids
71
zona reticularis
inner layer | secretes sex steroids
72
Identify the endocrine organ described Located in the throat: bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
Thyroid gland
73
Identify the endocrine organ described Found atop the kidney
Adrenal gland
74
Identify the endocrine organ described A mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine
Pancreas
75
Identify the endocrine organ described Paired glands suspended in the scrotum
Testes
76
Identify the endocrine organ described Ride “horseback “ on the thyroid gland
Parathyroid
77
Identify the endocrine organ described Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production
Ovaries
78
Identify the endocrine organ described Found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
Thymus
79
Found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
Pineal
80
What is the function of | FSH, ACTH, TSH, LH
Regulate the function of another endocrine gland | THIS IS WHAT MAKES IT TROPIC
81
What is the function of | ADH, Aldosterone
Maintain salt and water balance in the extra cellular fluid
82
What is the function of | Prolactin, and oxytocin
Directly involved in milk production and ejection
83
What is the function of | T3/T4
Controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
84
What is the function of | PTH
Regulates blood calcium levels
85
What is the function of | Insulin and glucagon
Regulate blood glucose levels, produced by the same mixed gland
86
What is the function of | Epinephrine and cortisol
Released in response to stressors
87
What is the function of | Testosterone
Drive development of secondary sex characteristics in males
88
What is the function of | Estrogens and progesterone
Directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle
89
What hormone results in tetany when it produces inadequate amounts
Parathyroid hormone
90
What hormone results in excessive urine output without high blood glucose levels when it produces inadequate amounts
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
91
What hormone results in loss of glucose in the urine when it produces inadequate amounts
Insulin
92
What hormone results in abnormally small stature, normal proportions when it produces inadequate amounts
Growth hormone | THIS IS DWARFISM
93
What hormone results in low BMR, mental and physical sluggishness when it produces inadequate amounts
Thyroid hormone
94
What hormone results in large hands and feet in the adult, large facial bones when it produces excess amounts
Growth hormone
95
What hormone results in nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating when it produces excess amounts
T3/T4
96
What hormone results in demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures when it produces excess amounts
Parathyroid hormones
97
Calcitonin produces
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
98
GH and prolactin produces
Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
99
Glucagon produces
Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets
100
Glucocorticoids produces
Zona fasciculata cells
101
Insulin produces
Beta cells of the pancreatic islets
102
Mineralocorticoids produces
Zona glomerulosa cells
103
PTH produces
Parathyroid cells
104
T3/T4 produces
Follicular cels of the thyroid
105
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH produces
Basophils cells of the anterior pituitary

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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