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A & P II exam 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine and nervous systems specialize in

A

communication and coordination

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • Have ducts; carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract: “external secretions”
  • Extracellular effects: food digestion
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3
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • No ducts
  • Contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
  • “Internal secretions”
  • Intracellular effects: altering target cell metabolism
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4
Q

what are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells?

A
  • gap junctions
  • neurotransmitters
  • paracrines
  • hormones
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5
Q

gap junctions

A

Pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
DIRECT COMMUNICATION

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION
limited to very specific area

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7
Q

paracrines

A

limited to a local area

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

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8
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs
ENDOCRINE COMMUNICATION

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9
Q

target organs or cells

A
  • those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it
  • Some target cells possess enzymes that convert a circulating hormone to its more active form

(the endorcrine works on target cells)

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10
Q

nervous system

A
  • reacts quickly (ms timescale),
  • stops quickly
  • response declines (adapts quickly) to long-term stimuli
  • targeted and specific (one organ)
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11
Q

endocrine system

A
  • reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer
  • response persists (adapts slowly) to long-term stimuli
  • general, widespread effects (many organs)
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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

is suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk—infundibulum

Composed of two structures

  • anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
  • posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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13
Q

what are the hormones in the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A
  1. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. prolactin (PH)
  6. growth hormone (GH or SOMATOTROPIN)
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14
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH triggers the thyroid glands to the release thyroid hormones

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15
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release the glucocorticoids

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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males

WORKS ON GONADS

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone

A
  • LH causes ovulation and progesterone production in females and androgen (testosterone) production in males
  • Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

WORKS ON GONADS

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18
Q

prolactin

A

PH stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production

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19
Q

growth hormone

A

‘somatotropin’

GH stimulates cell growth and replication
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

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20
Q

what are the hormones produced in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. oxytocin (OT)

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21
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A
  • Increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume, and preventing dehydration
  • Elevates blood pressure by vasoconstriction
  • diabetes insipidus
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22
Q

oxytocin

A
  • Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus during childbirth
  • Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands during lactation
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23
Q

acromegaly

A

pituitary disorder w/ hyper-secretion of growth hormone

thickening of bones and soft tissues in adults
Especially hands, feet, and face

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24
Q

gigantism

A

pituitary disorder w/ hyper-secretion of growth hormone

Problems in childhood or adolescence (before growth plates are fused)

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25
Q

how many hormones produced in the hypothalamus

A

8

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26
Q

how many hypothalamus hormones regulate the anterior pituitary

A

6

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27
Q

how many hypothalamus hormones are releases into capillaries in the posterior pituitary

A

2

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28
Q

TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH are

A

releasing hormones that promote anterior pituitary secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH

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29
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

promotes the release of TSH

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30
Q

corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

causes the secretion of ACTH

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31
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

from hypothalamus promotes the secretion of FSH and LH

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32
Q

Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)

A

inhibits secretion of prolactin, and somatostatin inhibits secretion growth hormone(GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary

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33
Q

control of endocrine activity

A
  • Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems
  • Hypothalamus secrets regulatory hormones (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that control the activity of the pituitary gland
  • Releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit activity of pituitary gland
  • Regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth
  • Many of its functions carried out by pituitary gland
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34
Q

control of pituitary secretion

A
  • Rates of secretion are not constant
  • Regulated by hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs

Hypothalamic and cerebral control:

  • Brain monitors conditions and influences anterior pituitary accordingly
    ex) In times of stress, hypothalamus triggers release of ACTH
    ex) During pregnancy, hypothalamus triggers prolactin secretion
  • Posterior pituitary is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexs
  • Hypothalamic osmoreceptors trigger release of ADH when they detect a rise in blood osmolarity
  • Infant suckling triggers hypothalamic response to release oxytocin
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35
Q

negative feedback

A

increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones

Example: thyroid hormone+ inhibits release of TRH by hypothalamus and of TSH by anterior pituitary

MOST HORMONES = NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
“WE ARE ENOUGH DO NOT GIVE US MORE”

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36
Q

positive feedback

A

Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery

EX: BLOOD CLOT FORMATION
WHEN WE NEED EXCESS SECRETION
“WE ARE MORE GIVE US MORE”

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37
Q

jobs of growth hormone

A

-GH has widespread effects on the body tissues
(Especially cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat)

  • Protein synthesis increases
  • Lipid metabolism increases
  • Carbohydrate metabolism–stimulates glucose secretion by liver
  • Electrolyte balance: promotes Na+, K+, and Cl− retention by kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorption in intestine
  • Bone growth, thickening, and remodeling influenced, especially during childhood and adolescence
  • Secretion high during first 2 hours of sleep
  • Can peak in response to vigorous exercise
  • GH levels decline gradually with age
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38
Q

pineal gland

A

Synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night

May synchronize physiological function with 24-hour circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness

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39
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • Secretes thyroxine (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3) in response to TSH
  • Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production appetite, alertness, reflex speed
  • Thyroid follicles—lined by simple cuboidal epithelium contain protein-rich colloid
  • Parafollicular C cells secrete calcitonin with rising blood calcium

CALCIUM: BONES” LOWER BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL

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40
Q

parathyroid gland

A
  • Usually four glands partially embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in hypocalcemia
  • Increases blood Ca2+ levels
  • Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
  • Increases absorption of Ca2+
  • Decreases urinary excretion of Ca2+
  • Increases bone resorption
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41
Q

When calcium levels decrease in the blood, parathyroid glands produce PTH
PTH increase blood calcium level by:

A
  1. Releasing stored calcium from the bones
  2. Stimulating production of calcitriol at the kidney. Calcitriol increases absorption of calcium by the digestive system
  3. Enhance reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
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42
Q

When calcium levels increase in the blood, thyroid glands produce calcitonin.
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium level by:

A
  1. Increasing excretion of calcium by the kidneys
  2. Increase calcium deposition in the bones
  3. Stop osteoclast
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43
Q

adrenal gland

A

consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

SUPRATERNAL GLAND

44
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer Cortex secretes several corticosteroids (steroid) hormones from three layers

1) Zona glomerulosa (outer layer)
2) Zona fasciculata (middle layer)
3) Zona reticularis (inner layer)

45
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner medulla secretes
epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

46
Q

what are the effects of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (catecholamines)

A
  • Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity for fight-or-flight situation
  • Increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate
  • Decrease digestion and urine production
47
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

from zona glomerulosa

  • Steroid hormones that regulate electrolyte balance
  • Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion
  • Water is retained with sodium, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained
48
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • Secreted by zona fasciculata in response to ACTH
  • Cortisol increase blood glucose level –Anti-inflammatory effect
49
Q

sex steroids

A
  • Secreted by zona reticularis

- Androgens: large role in male development (convert to testosterone)

50
Q

cushing syndrome

A

adrenal disorders

excess cortisol secretion

  • Hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema
  • Rapid muscle and bone loss due to protein catabolism
  • Abnormal fat deposition
  • Moon face and buffalo hump
51
Q

pancreatic islets

A
  • Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets
  • Alpha cells secrete glucagon ALSO GH AND ADRENAL GLAND HORMONES

-Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by the liver
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS LOWE
UNCONTROLLED DIABETES MELLITUS

-Beta cells secrete insulin

-Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS HIGH
HAS NO HELP FROM OTHER HORMONES

52
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

Symptoms
-Polyuria (excess urine output), polydipsia (intense thirst), and polyphagia (hunger)

  • Revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine
  • Polyuria (with thirst and dehydration)
  • Excess glucose enters urine and water follows it
53
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

A
  • 5% to 10% of cases in United States
  • Insulin is always used to treat type 1
  • Insulin injections, insulin pump, or dry insulin inhaler
  • Monitoring blood glucose levels and controlled diet
  • Hereditary
  • autoantibodies attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
54
Q

type 2 (NIDDM)

A

90% to 95% of diabetics

  • Problem is insulin resistance
  • Failure of target cells to respond to insulin
  • Risk factors are age (40+), obesity
  • Treated with weight-loss program and exercise:
  • If necessary, also use glycemia-lowering oral medications
55
Q

thymus

A

plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphatic, immune

Bilobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart
Goes through involution after puberty

Site of maturation of T cells important in immune defense

Secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes

56
Q

gonads

A

Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine
Exocrine : eggs and sperm
Endocrine : gonadal hormones—steroids

Ovarian hormones
Estrogen and progesterone

Testicular hormones
Testosterone

57
Q

ovary

A

After ovulation, the remains of the follicle becomes the corpus luteum

-Secretes progesterone for 12 days following ovulation

Functions of estradiol and progesterone

  • Development of female reproductive system and physique including adolescent bone growth
  • Regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy
58
Q

testis

A

-Testes
produce sperm

-Testicular hormones
Testosterone
Stimulates development of male reproductive system in fetus and adolescent

59
Q

kidneys

A

-Produces erythropoietin

-Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs
FROM RED BONE MARROW

60
Q

the endocrine system uses _____

a. hormones
b. neurotransmitters

A

hormones

61
Q

the nervous system uses ______

a. hormones
b. neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters

62
Q

pancreas is a mixed gland*****

A

mixed gland is both exocrine and endocrine

63
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

chronic polyuria: having to pee a lot

64
Q

hypersecretion

A

excess

65
Q

hyposecretion

A

having less than normal

66
Q

what are the 2 thyroid disorders

A

cretinism

goiter

67
Q

cretinism

A

hyposecretion in children
mentally disabled
slow learner
growth is slower

68
Q

goiter

A

swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland

69
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outer layer

secretes mineralocorticoids

70
Q

zona fasiculata

A

middle layer

secretes glucocorticoids

71
Q

zona reticularis

A

inner layer

secretes sex steroids

72
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Located in the throat: bilobed gland connected by an isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

73
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Found atop the kidney

A

Adrenal gland

74
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

A mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine

A

Pancreas

75
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Paired glands suspended in the scrotum

A

Testes

76
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Ride “horseback “ on the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid

77
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production

A

Ovaries

78
Q

Identify the endocrine organ described

Found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth

A

Thymus

79
Q

Found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

Pineal

80
Q

What is the function of

FSH, ACTH, TSH, LH

A

Regulate the function of another endocrine gland

THIS IS WHAT MAKES IT TROPIC

81
Q

What is the function of

ADH, Aldosterone

A

Maintain salt and water balance in the extra cellular fluid

82
Q

What is the function of

Prolactin, and oxytocin

A

Directly involved in milk production and ejection

83
Q

What is the function of

T3/T4

A

Controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

84
Q

What is the function of

PTH

A

Regulates blood calcium levels

85
Q

What is the function of

Insulin and glucagon

A

Regulate blood glucose levels, produced by the same mixed gland

86
Q

What is the function of

Epinephrine and cortisol

A

Released in response to stressors

87
Q

What is the function of

Testosterone

A

Drive development of secondary sex characteristics in males

88
Q

What is the function of

Estrogens and progesterone

A

Directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle

89
Q

What hormone results in tetany when it produces inadequate amounts

A

Parathyroid hormone

90
Q

What hormone results in excessive urine output without high blood glucose levels when it produces inadequate amounts

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

91
Q

What hormone results in loss of glucose in the urine when it produces inadequate amounts

A

Insulin

92
Q

What hormone results in abnormally small stature, normal proportions when it produces inadequate amounts

A

Growth hormone

THIS IS DWARFISM

93
Q

What hormone results in low BMR, mental and physical sluggishness when it produces inadequate amounts

A

Thyroid hormone

94
Q

What hormone results in large hands and feet in the adult, large facial bones when it produces excess amounts

A

Growth hormone

95
Q

What hormone results in nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating when it produces excess amounts

A

T3/T4

96
Q

What hormone results in demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures when it produces excess amounts

A

Parathyroid hormones

97
Q

Calcitonin produces

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

98
Q

GH and prolactin produces

A

Acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary

99
Q

Glucagon produces

A

Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

100
Q

Glucocorticoids produces

A

Zona fasciculata cells

101
Q

Insulin produces

A

Beta cells of the pancreatic islets

102
Q

Mineralocorticoids produces

A

Zona glomerulosa cells

103
Q

PTH produces

A

Parathyroid cells

104
Q

T3/T4 produces

A

Follicular cels of the thyroid

105
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH produces

A

Basophils cells of the anterior pituitary

A & P II exam 1 (3 decks)

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