Heart Flashcards
What is the function of calcium channel blockers and what are the common names?
Given to slow the electricity going in and out of the heart. It allows the heart to fill better and if it rests a bit more it can contract better
- cardiazime
- percardia
- verapamil
What is preload?
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. This is partially dependent on the elasticity of the myocardial tissue
Increased in:
- Hypervolemia
- Regurgitation of cardiac valves
What is afterload
The resistance (diastolic pressure) that your left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood.
increased in
- hypertension
- vasoconstriction
What are the changes to the cardiac system with aging?
- increased stiffness of valves
- conduction breakdown/insufficiency in arrhythmias
- Myocardium strength reduces
- signals from the baroreceptors slow
Modifiable risk factors for heart disease include
- cigarette smoking
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- psychological (stress etc)
- chronic disease
- For what are thrombolytics used and what are the medications?
- Anticlotting
- TPA
- redovase
- adavase
- trypto(vase?)
What is Homan’s sign and what is a positive response?
- Sign of deep vein thrombosis
- Forced dorsiflexion of the foot
- increased resistance
- involuntary flexure of the knee
- pain in the calf
What is a normal sinus rhythm?
s1, s2
lubb dubb
What is the heart sound for beginning heart failure?
s1, s2, s3
lub lub dub or lub dub dub
What are the heart sounds for extreme heart failure?
s1, s2, s3, s4
lub lub dub dub
where do you listen for the tricuspid valve
4th costal space left of breastbone
where do you listen for the aortic valve
2nd costal space, rt of breastbone
Where do you listen for the pulmonic valve?
2nd intercostal space left of the breastbone
where do you listen for the mitral valve?
5th intercostal space at juncture of ribs
what is a myocardial infarction
blood clot, closing of the vessel, lack of blood to the heart causing death of tissue
What is the lab test that most accurately indications infarction of cardiac tissue?
- Creatinine Kinase (CK, CK-MB)
- 4 hours before cells will appear in a blood test
- Peak 12-24 hours
- return to normal 3-4 days
- non-specific, also found in skeletal muscle and brain
The protein that can give you an indication of prior MI events is
- Troponin I and T
- they are cardiac specific
- earliest rise 3-4 hours
- peak 10-24 hours
- return to normal 3-4 weeks
What are some priorities when getting an MRI?
- No metal may be in the examination room including
- jewelry
- hair clips
- hearing aids
- magnetic strips
- magnetic devices/implants/hardware in the body
- Those with claustrophobia may not tolerate the procedure
*
Priorities when giving a stress test include:
- Exercise stress testing
- NPO for 4 hrs prior
- avoid tobacco and caffeine prior
- some medications may not be taken (beta-adrenergic blockers)
- Monitor for 10-15 min after testing
- have crash cart available
- Pharmacological testing
- NPO - chocolate, caffeine (from all sources), tobacco,
- stop meds 24-48 hr prior
- takes up to 3 hours
What are the signs and symptoms of valve disease?
- murmur
- chest pain or palpitations
- shortness of breath
- difficulty catching your breath
- fatigue
- weakness
- lightheadedness or LOC
- swollen ankles, feet or abdomen
vasoconstrictors are
adregenic agonists & anticholinergics
