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A&P > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

This is the DOUBLE WALLED SAC that COVERS the HEART.

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

This is the LOOSE and SUPERFICIAL tissue that PROTECTS, ANCHORS and prevents the heart from over filling.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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3
Q

What are the TWO (2) LAYERS of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heart?

A
  1. Parietal Pericardium

2. Visceral Pericardium

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4
Q

This LAYER of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heat LINES the inner surface of the FIBROUS PERICARDIUM.

A

Parietal Pericardium

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5
Q

This LAYER of the SEROUS MEMBRANE of the heart is also known as the EPICARDIUM.

A

Visceral Pericardium

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6
Q

This condition is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the PERICARDIUM causing a CREAKING sound.

A

Pericarditis

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7
Q

The CREAKING SOUND caused by PERICARDITIS is called __________.

A

Pericardial Friction Rub

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8
Q

This condition occurs when large amounts of INFLATIONARY FLUID FILLS the PERICARDIAL CAVITY compressing the heart.

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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9
Q

What are the THREE (3) LAYERS of the HEART WALL?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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10
Q

List FOUR (4) characteristics of the CARDIAC SKELETON.

A
  1. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE between ATRIA and VENTRICLES
  2. FIBROUS RINGS around valves to SUPPORT
  3. ELECTRICAL INSULATION
  4. Site for MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
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11
Q

Where are the AURICLES located?

A

On the Atria

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12
Q

What do the AURICLES of the heart do?

A

Somewhat Increase Atrial Volume

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13
Q

These are BUNDLES of MUSCLE FIBERS in the ATRIA that form RIDGES.

A

Pectinate Mucles

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14
Q

This is the CLOSED structure where the fetal FORAMEN OVALE used to be.

A

Fossa Ovalis

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15
Q

These are the IRREGULAR RIDGES of MUSCLE that mark the INTERNAL WALLS of the VENTRICLES.

A

Trabecular Carneae

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16
Q

These structures PREVENT the PROLAPSE of AV VALVES.

A

Cordae Tendineae

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17
Q

These MUSCLES ATTACH to the CHORDAE TENDINEAE of the AV valves.

A

Papillary Muscles

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18
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by the RE-PUMPING of the SAME BLOOD over and over.

A

Incompetent Valve

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19
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by STIFF VALVE due to CALCIFICATION and SCAR TISSUE.

A

Valvular Stenosis

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20
Q

This HEART VALVE condition is characterized by ABNORMAL HEART SOUNDS.

A

Murmurs

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21
Q

This is the cause of a HEART MURMUR that makes a SWISHING SOUND.

A

Regurgitation

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22
Q

This is the cause of a HEART MURMUR that makes a HIGH PITCHED or slick SOUND.

A

Stenosis

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium.

A

FALSE,

Blood in the heart chambers DO NOT NOURISH the MYOCARDIUM

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24
Q

These CADIAC VESSELS branch FROM the AORTA to SUPPLY the HEART MUSCLE with OXYGENATED blood.

A

Coronary Arteries

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25
Q

These CARDIAC VESSELS DRAIN the MYOCARDIUM of blood.

A

Cardiac Veins

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26
Q

This CARDIAC VESSEL is a LARGE VEIN on the POSTERIOR of the HEART that RECEIVES blood from the CARDIAC VEINS.

A

Coronary Sinus

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27
Q

Where does blood go from the CORONARY SINUS?

A

Into the Right Atrium

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28
Q

Where is the HEART LOCATED?

A

The Inferior Mediastinum

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29
Q

Where is the CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH LOCATED?

A

In the Left Coronary Sulcus

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30
Q

What TWO (2) parts of the heart does the CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?

A
  1. Left Atrium

2. Left Ventricle

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31
Q

What are the TWO (2) branches of the LEFT CORONARY ARTERY?

A
  1. Circumflex

2. Anterior Interventricular

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32
Q

What part of the heart does the ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?

A

Both Ventricles

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33
Q

What are the TWO (2) BRANCHES of the RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY.

A
  1. Marginal

2. Posterior Interventricular

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34
Q

Where is the MARGINAL ARTERY LOCATED?

A

In Right Coronary Sulcus

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35
Q

What part of the heart does the MARGINAL ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?

A

Right Ventricle

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36
Q

What part of the heart does the POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY SUPPLY BLOOD to?

A

Both Ventricles

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37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: coronary veins collect wastes from the cardiac muscle.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

This heart condition is characterized by THORACIC PAIN due to ISCHEMIA of MYOCARDIUM.

A

Angina Pectoris

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39
Q

This heart condition is characterized by CARDIAC cell DEATH due to PROLONGED ISCHEMIA.

A

Myocardial Infarction

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40
Q

TRUE or FALSE: myocardial cells contain 1-2 centrally located nuclei.

A

TRUE

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41
Q

These provide specialized CELL TO CELL CONTACT in the the MYOCARDIUM.

A

Intercalated Disks

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42
Q

What HOLDS the CARDIAC CELLS TOGETHER?

A

Desmosomes

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43
Q

These allow ACTION POTENTIALS to move from CELL TO CELL.

A

Gap Junctions

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44
Q

The MITOCHONDRIA of the CARDIAC CELLS make up ____ to ____% of their VOLUME.

A

25-35%

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45
Q

This term is used for when GAP JUNCTIONS ELECTRICALLY COUPLE cardiac cells causing the MYOCARDIUM to behave as a SINGLE UNIT.

A

Functional Syncytium

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46
Q

T-TUBULES ENTER cardiac cells ONCE per sarcomere at the __________.

A

Z-Disk

47
Q

Is the NODAL SYSTEM apart of the INTRINSIC or EXTRINSIC conduction system?

A

Intrinsic

48
Q

What phase of ACTION POTENTIAL in the heart is characterized by SODIUM CHANNELS still OPEN or INACTIVATED.

A

Absolute Refractory Period

49
Q

What does ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD PREVENT in the heart?

A

Tetanus Contractions

50
Q

During this phase of ACTION POTENTIAL EXCITATION SPREADS through the GAP JUNCTIONS.

A

Depolarization

51
Q

CARDIAC cell RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL is ____mv.

A

-90mv

52
Q

How long is the PLATEAU PHASE?

A

250 msec

53
Q

This is the term for IRREGULAR HEARTBEATS.

A

Arrhythmias

54
Q

Ischemic hypoxic myocardial cells produce __________.

A

Lactic Acid

55
Q

How does LACTIC ACID DAMAGE MITOCHONDRIA in cardiac cells.

A

By INCREASING ACIDITY and RAISING intracellular CALCIUM.

56
Q

This is the heat’s PACEMAKER.

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

57
Q

Where is the AV NODE LOCATED?

A

At the JUNCTION of the ATRIA and VENTRICLES

58
Q

Where are the BUNDLE BRANCHES LOCATED?

A

Interventricular Septum

59
Q

Where are the PERKINJE FIBERS LOCATED?

A

Spread within the VENTRICLE WALL

60
Q

The AV BUNDLE is also known as __________.

A

The Bundle of His

61
Q

Where is the AV BUNDLE (Bundle of His) LOCATED?

A

Interventricular Septum

62
Q

How many BEATS PER MINUTE does the INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM enforce?

A

75 bpm

63
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the intrinsic conduction system relies on the nervous system.

A

FALSE,

The intrinsic conduction system DOES NOT rely on the nervous system.

64
Q

The INTRINSIC CONDUCTION system CONSISTS of what kind of CARDIAC CELLS?

A

Noncontractile

65
Q

What are NONCONTRACTILE cardiac cells SPECIALIZED to do?

A

INITIATE and DISTRIBUTE IMPULSES throughout the heart for orderly SEQUENTIAL CONTRACTION.

66
Q

This is the UNSTABLE RESTING POTENTIAL that DRIFTS slowly TOWARD THRESHOLD.

A

Pacemaker Potential

67
Q

How many MILLIVOLTS is PACEMAKER POTENTIAL?

A

-40mV

68
Q

Open __________ CHANNELS cause DEPOLARIZATION in PACEMAKER POTENTIAL.

A

Calcium

69
Q

This is an IRREGULAR HEART RHYTHM.

A

Arrhythmia

70
Q

UNCOORDINATED atrial or ventricular CONTRACTIONS (SQUIRMING BAG OF WORMS).

A

Fibrillation

71
Q

When the SA NODE FAILS and the AV NODE takes over.

A

Ectopic Focus

72
Q

How many BPM is JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM?

A

40-60 bpm

73
Q

This occurs when DAMAGED AV NODE RELEASES VENTRICLES from control of the SA node.

A

Heart Block

74
Q

What is the RESULT of a HEART BLOCK?

A

Slower Heart Rate

Artificial Pacemaker Recouples

75
Q

This what are the TWO (2) CARDIAC CENTERS in the MEDULLA?

A
  1. Cardio-acceleratory Center
  2. Cardio-inhibitory Center

SEE CH. 18 ppt. SLIDE 50

76
Q

This is a RECORDING of the ELECTRICAL CHANGES that accompany each CARDIAC CYCLE.

A

Electrocardiogram

77
Q

This part of an EKG represents ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION.

A

P Wave

78
Q

This part of an EKG represents CONDUCTION TIME from ATRIAL to VENTRICULAR EXCITATION.

A

P to R Interval

79
Q

This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR EXCITATION.

A

QRS Complex

80
Q

This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES in PLATEAU PHASE.

A

S-T Segment

81
Q

This part of an EKG represents the BEGINNING of VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION.

A

Q-T Interval

82
Q

This part of an EKG represents VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION.

A

T Wave

83
Q

What does an ENLARGED R WAVE mean on an EGK?

A

Enlarged Ventricles

84
Q

What does a RAISED or DEPRESSED S-T SEGMENT mean on an EKG?

A

Cardiac Ischemia

85
Q

What does a PROLONGED Q-T INTERVAL mean on an EKG?

A

Repolarization Abnormality

increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias

86
Q

This is the AMOUNT of BLOOD PUMPED by EACH SIDE of the heart in ONE MINUTE.

A

Cardiac Output

87
Q

This is the DIFFERENCE between RESTING and MAXIMUM CARDIAC OUTPUT.

A

Cardiac Reserve

88
Q

This is the VOLUME of BLOOD PUMPED by EACH VENTRICLE in ONE CONTRACTION.

A

Stroke Volume

89
Q

What is the EQUATION used to calculate STROKE VOLUME?

A

SV=

End Diastolic Vol - End Systolic Vol

90
Q

How many mL of blood in END DIASTOLIC VOLUME?

A

130mL

91
Q

How many mL of blood in END SYSTOLIC VOLUME?

A

60mL

92
Q

The MORE the CARDIAC MUSCLE is STRETCHED the STRONGER tge CONTRACTION.

A

Startling’s Law of the Heart

93
Q

What is a NORMAL EJECTION FRACTION?

A

50-65%

94
Q

What is an ABNORMAL EJECTION FRACTION?

A
95
Q

POSITIVE CHRONOTROPHIC __________ the heart rate.

A

Increases

96
Q

NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPHIC __________ the heart rate.

A

Decreases

97
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DEPRESSES the HEART

A

Hypocalcemia

98
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE INCREASES HEART RATE and CONTRACTILITY to a point.

A

Hypercalcemia

99
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DEPOLARIZES RESTING POTENTIAL and leads to HEART BLOCK and CARDIAC ARREST.

A

Hyperkalemia

100
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes ARRHYTHMIA and a WEAKENED HEART BEAT.

A

Hypokalemia

101
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is a HEART RATE > 100 BPM at REST.

A

Tachycardia

102
Q

List FIVE (5) causes of TACHYCARDIA.

A
  1. Fever
  2. Stress
  3. Certain Drugs
  4. Hyperthyroidism
  5. Heart Disease
103
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by a HEART RATE

A

Bradycardia

104
Q

List TWO (2) causes of BRADYCARDIA.

A
  1. Hypothermia

2. Certain Drugs

105
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by INADEQUATE BLOOD CIRCULATION to meet TISSUE DEMANDS.

A

Congestive Heart Failure

106
Q

What are SIX (6) CONTRIBUTORS of CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE?

A
  1. Coronary Atherosclerosis
  2. Persistent High Blood Pressure
  3. Multiple MI
  4. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  5. Left Heart Failure
  6. Right Heart Failure
107
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE is characterized by FATTY BUILD UP in CORONARY ARTERIES and leads to ISCHEMIA and HYPOXIA.

A

Coronary Atherosclerosis

108
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE INCREASES AFTERLOAD.

A

Persistent High Blood Pressure

109
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes SCAR TISSUE to build up.

A

Multiple MI

110
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes VENTRICLES to become STRETCHED and FLABBY.

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

111
Q

List FOUR (4) causes of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY.

A
  1. Alcoholism
  2. Cocaine
  3. Certain Medications
  4. Infection
112
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes PULMONARY EDEMA.

A

Left Heart Failure

113
Q

This HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE causes PERIPHERAL EDEMA.

A

Right Heart Failure

A&P (7 decks)

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