Blood Flashcards
1
Q
TRUE or FALSE: blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body.
A
TRUE
2
Q
What kind of TISSUE is BLOOD?
A
Connective
3
Q
What are the TWO (2) COMPONENTS of BLOOD?
A
- Living Cells
2. Nonliving Matrix
4
Q
What is the LIVING CELLS component of blood CALLED?
A
Formed Elements
5
Q
What is the NONLIVING MATRIX component of blood CALLED?
A
Plasma
6
Q
What THREE (3) things happen when BLOOD is CENTRIFUGED?
A
- Erythrocytes sink to the bottom
- Buffy coat is in the middle
- Plasma rises to the top
7
Q
ERYTHROCYTES make up what % of the blood?
A
45%
8
Q
The BUFFY COAT makes up what % of blood?
A
Less than 1%
9
Q
PLASMA makes up what % of blood?
A
55%
10
Q
This is the THIN, WHITISH layer BETWEEN the ERYTHROCYTES and the PLASMA.
A
Buffy Coat
11
Q
The 45% of blood that contains ERYTHROCYTES is known as the ______________.
A
Hematocrit
12
Q
FORMED ELEMENTS are made up of what THREE (3) things?
A
**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5*
- Platelets (4.8%)
- Red Blood Cells (95.1%)
- White Blood Cells (0.1%)
13
Q
What are the FIVE (5) types of WHITE BLOOD CELLS?
A
SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5
- Neutrophils (54-62%)
- Lymphocytes (25-33%)
- Monocytes (3-9%)
- Eosinophils (1-3%)
- Basophils (
14
Q
What SIX (6) things make up the PLASMA in the blood?
A
SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5
- Electrolytes
- Water (92%)
- Proteins (7%)
- Wastes
- Nutrients (including vitamins & hormones)
- Gases
15
Q
What THREE (3) specific type of PROTEINS make up the PLASMA in the blood?
A
SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5
- Albumins (60% of plasma pro.)
- Globulins (36% of p.p)
- Fibrinogen (4% of p.p)
16
Q
What THREE (3) GASES make up the PLASMA in the blood?
A
SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
17
Q
What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of WATER in the plasma?
A
- 90% of plasma volume
- Solvent for carrying substances
- Absorbs heat
18
Q
What are the SIX (6) ELECTROLYTES found in the blood?
A
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
19
Q
What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the ELECTROLYTES in the plasma?
A
- Osmotic Balance
- pH Buffering
- Regulation of Membrane Permeability
20
Q
What are the FIVE (5) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the PLASMAS PROTEINS?
A
- Osmotic Balance
- pH Buffering
- Blood Clotting
- Defense
- Lipid Transport
21
Q
What are the TWO (2) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of ERYTHROCYTES?
A
- Transport Oxygen
2. Help Transport CO2
22
Q
What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of LEUKOCYTES?
A
Defense and Immunity
23
Q
What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of PLATELETS?
A
Blood Clotting
24
Q
What COLOR is OXYGEN RICH blood?
A
Scarlet Red
25
What COLOR is OXYGEN POOR blood?
Dull Red
26
The pH of blood must remain between ____ and ____.
7.35 and 7.45
27
What is the TEMPERATURE of BLOOD?
100.4 degrees F
28
What is the BLOOD VOLUME of a healthy person?
5-6 liters (6 quarts)
29
BLOOD makes up what % of BODY WEIGHT?
8%
30
What are the THREE (3) FUNCTIONS of BLOOD?
**SEE CH.17 ppt SLIDE 8**
1. Distribution
2. Regulation
3. Protection
31
TRUE or FALSE: plasma proteins are the most scarce solutes in the plasma.
FALSE,
plasma proteins are the most ABUNDANT solutes in plasma
32
Most PLASMA PROTEINS are MADE BY THE __________.
Liver
33
BlOOD TRANSPORTS everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as these FOUR (4) things:
1. Nutrients
2. Wastes
3. Hormones
4. Body heat
34
What are THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the plasma protein ALBUMIN?
1. Regulate Osmotic Pressure
2. Transport Molecules
3. Buffer
35
What are the THREE (3) types of GLOBULINS?
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Gamma
36
What THREE (3) things do ALPHA and BETA GLOBULINS TRANSPORT?
1. Lipids
2. Metal Ions
3. Fat-soluble Vitamins
37
What role do GAMMA GLOBULINS play?
They contain antibodies
38
What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of the plasma protein FIBRINOGEN?
To help STEM BLOOD LOSS when a blood vessel is injured
39
This occurs when BLOOD pH becomes too ACIDIC.
Acidosis
40
This occurs when BLOOD pH becomes too BASIC.
Alkalosis
41
What TWO (2) ORGAN SYSTEMS help to RESTORE BLOOD pH?
1. Respiratory System
| 2. Kidneys
42
How many ERYTHROCYTES per cubic millimeter of blood?
4-6 million (~5 million)
43
How many LEUKOCYTES per cubic millimeter of blood?
4,800 to 10,800
44
How many PLATELETS per cubic millimeter of blood?
250,000 to 400,000
45
Essentially ERYTHROCYTES are BAGS OF _____________.
Hemoglobin
46
TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes are bioconcave disks.
TRUE
47
TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes have a nucleus.
FALSE,
Erythrocytes are ANUCLEATE (no nucleus)
48
TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes contain very few organelles.
TRUE
49
This FORMED ELEMENT is responsible for BLOOD VISCOSITY.
Erythrocytes
50
This IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN in blood BINDS strongly but reversibly to OXYGEN.
Hemoglobin
51
How many OXYGEN BINDING SITES does each HEMOGLOBIN molecule have?
4
52
How many HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES does each ERYTHROCYTE have?
250 million
53
How many GRAMS of HEMOGLOBIN per 100mL of blood in NORMAL BLOOD?
12-18g
54
This is the process of BLOOD CELL FORMATION.
Hematopoiesis
55
HEMATOPOIESIS occurs in what kind of BONE MARROW?
Red Bone Marrow
56
All RBCs are DERIVED from what common STEM CELL?
Hemocytoblast
57
LYMPHOID STEM CELLS produce ___________.
Lymphocytes
58
MYELOID STEM CELLS produce ____________.
All Other Formed Elements
59
TRUE or FALSE: red blood cells can divide, grow and synthesize proteins.
FALSE,
Red blood cells are ANUCLEATE therefore they CANNOT divide, grown or synthesize protein
60
RBCs wear out in ____ to ____ days.
100 to 120 days
61
What happens to WARN OUT RBCs?
They are ELIMINATED by PHAGOCYTES in the SLPEEN or the LIVER
62
The rate of RBC PRODUCTION is CONTROLLED by a hormone called __________.
Erythroprotein
63
This condition occurs when there are TOO FEW RBCs.
Tissue Hypoxia
64
This condition occurs when there are TOO MANY RBCs.
High Blood Viscosity
65
It takes ____ days for a STEM CELL to BECOME a RETICULOCYTE.
15 days
66
RETICULOCYTES count for what % of RBCs?
1-2%
67
What THREE (3) NUTRIENTS does ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION depend on?
1. Vitamin B12
2. Folic Acid
3. Iron
68
This BLOOD DISORDER is a DECREASE in the OXYGEN-CARRYING ability of the BLOOD.
Anemia
69
This type of ANEMIA is due to a B12 DEFICIENCY.
Pernicious Anemia
**e.g. Lack of intrinsic factor**
70
This type of ANEMIA is due to damage of the BONE MARROW caused by RADIATION or CHEMICALS.
Aplastic Anemia
71
This type of ANEMIA results from ABNORMALLY SHAPED HEMOGLOBIN.
Sickle Cell Anemia
72
This BLOOD DISORDER is characterized by ABNORMAL GLOBIN or HEMOGLOBIN DEFICIENCY.
Thalassemia
73
This BLOOD DISORDER results from an excessive or or ABNORMAL INCREASE of RBCs.
Polycythemia
74
LEUKOCYTES move by ____________ motion.
Ameboid
75
This condition occurs when WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT reaches ABOVE 11,000 cell per cubic millimeter.
Leukocytosis
76
This condition occurs when BONE MARROW becomes CANCEROUS and turns out excess WBCs.
Leukemia
77
This condition occurs when there is an abnormally LOW LEUKOCYTE level.
Leukopenia
78
What are the TWO (2) types of LEUKOCYTES?
1. Granulocytes
| 2. Agranulocytes
79
What are TWO (2) CHARACTERISTICS of GRANULOCYTES?
1. Granules in cytoplasm can be stained
| 2. Lobed Nuclei
80
What are TWO (2) CHARACTERISTICS of AGRANULOCYTES?
1. No visible cytoplasmic granules
| 2. Nuclei are spherical, oval or kidney shaped
81
Which THREE (3) LEUKOCYTES are GRANULOCYTES?
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 39-41 for characteristics **
82
Which TWO (2) LEUKOCYTES are AGRANULOCYTES
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDES 42 & 43 for characteristics**
83
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that has a deep PURPLE NUCLEUS with 3-7 LOBES.
Neutrophil
84
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that functions as a PHAGOCYTE at active SITES of INFECTION.
Neutrophil
85
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that has a FIGURE 8 SHAPED BILOBED NUCLEUS.
Eosinophil
86
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that functions to KILL PARASITIC WORMS and plays a role in ALLERGY ATTACKS.
Eosinophil
87
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that had a U-SHAPED or S-SHAPED NUCLEUS.
Basophil
88
This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that contains the ANTICOAGULANT HEPARIN.
Basophils
89
This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE that has a large DARK PURPLE-BLUE NUCLEUS.
Lymphocyte
90
These type of LYMPHOCYTES produce ANTIBODIES.
B Lymphocytes
91
These type of LYMPHOCYTES are involved in GRAFT REJECTION and fighting tumors and viruses.
T Lymphocytes
92
This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE has a dark BLUE-PURPLE NUCLEUS that is often KIDNEY SHAPED.
Monocyte
93
This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE is the LARGEST of the WBCs and function as MACROPHAGES in tissue.
Monocyte
94
These FORMED ELEMENTS are DERIVED from MULTINUCLEATE CELLS and are ESSENTIAL for CLOTTING.
Platelets
95
PLATELETS last about ____ days.
10 days
96
What FIVE (5) things do PLATELETS contain?
1. Serotonin
2. Calcium
3. Enzymes
4. ADP
5. Platelet Derived Growth Factor
97
TRUE or FALSE: thrombopoietin protein is made in the liver.
TRUE
98
What are the THREE (3) PHASES of HEMOSTASIS?
1. Vascular Spasms
2. Platelet Plug Formation
3. Coagulation
99
VASCULAR SPASMS can strongly REDUCE BLOOD LOSS for how long?
20-30 minutes
100
During PLATELET PLUG FORMATION this LARGE PLASMA PROTEIN stabilizes platelets by FORMING a BRIDGE between platelets and collagen.
Von Willebrand Factor
**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 52**
101
During COAGULATION, prothrombin activator CONVERTS ___________ to __________.
Prothrombin to Thrombin
102
During COAGULATION, THROMBIN CATALYZES __________ to __________.
Soluble FIBRINOGEN to Insoluble FIBRIN
103
BLOOD usually CLOTS within ____ to ____ minutes.
3-6
104
PLASMINOGEN is activated to __________ by tissue PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR.
Plasmin
105
This is a CLOT in an UNBROKEN blood vessel that persists.
Thrombus
106
This is a THROMBUS that BREAKS AWAY and floats freely in the blood stream.
Embolus
107
TRUE or FALSE: vascular spasms are most effective in small vessels.
TRUE
108
This BLEEDING DISORDER is caused by a PLATELET DEFICIENCY and characterized by small PURPLISH BLOTCHES on the skin.
Thrombocytopenia
109
What THREE (3) CLOTTING FACTORS are missing in people with HEMOPHILIA?
1. A-Factor VIII (77% of cases)
2. B-Factor IX
3. C-Factor XI (least serious)
110
TRUE or FALSE: hemophilia is Y-linked.
FALSE,
Hemophilia is X-linked
111
Loss of ____ to ____% of blood causes PALLOR and WEAKNESS.
15-30%
112
Loss of over ____% of blood causes SHOCK.
Over 30%
113
The SHELF LIFE of BLOOD for transfusions is at ____ degrees C for ____ days.
4 degrees C
35 Days
114
These are substances in the blood that the body recognizes as FOREIGN and that the IMMUNE SYSTEM may ATTACK.
Antigens (AGGLUTINOGENS)
115
These are the RECOGNIZERS in the blood.
Antibodies (AGGLUTININS)
116
This is the process in which ANTIBODIES cause the blood with certain proteins to CLUMP.
Agglutination
117
There are over ____ common RBC ANTIGENS.
30
118
What causes the most vigorous TRANSFUSION REACTIONS?
ABO and Rh Blood Group Antigens
**SEE CH.17 ppt SLIDE 64**
119
Which Rh BLOOD GROUP are most AMERICANS?
Rh+
120
What PROBLEM can occur when Rh+ blood is MIXED with Rh- blood?
Hemolysis
**Only during SECOND and SUBSEQUENT transfusions**
121
It can be DANGEROUS to a CHILD who INHERITS Rh+ factor ONLY when MOTHER is Rh ____ and the FATHER ____.
Mother = Rh-
Father = Rh+
122
What can be given to a MOTHER during PREGNANCY to PREVENT buildup of ANTI-Rh+ ANTIBODIES?
RhoGAM Shot
123
What will happen in the SECOND PREGNANCY of an Rh- MOTHER carrying an Rh+ baby?
HEMOLYSIS, immune system produce antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood.
