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Physiology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

0
Q

1st degree AV block

A

slow AV conduction (long P-R interval)

depolarization gets to ventricles ALWAYS but @ diff. times

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1
Q

AV block

A

inhibition of conduction through AV node

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2
Q

2nd Degree AV Block

A

some impulses aren’t conducted through AV node

P not always followed by QRS

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3
Q

Can you hide 2nd degree AV block?

A

yes by sympathetic stimulation

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4
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

no impulses conducted across AV node

P & QRS occur but are NOT related in time. P by SA node, QRS by another node

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5
Q

fibrillation

A

arrhythmia characterized by rapid, repetitive, uncoordinated excitation of myocardium

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6
Q

atrial fibrillation

A 
affects rhythm (irregularly-irregular rhythm)
-doesn't lead to ventricular fibrillation because of AV node's refractory period
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7
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

rapidly lethal

doesn’t push blood out correctly b/c muscle fibers twitch around the walls and not in a systemic fashion

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8
Q

Premature Ventricular Complex

A

QRS occurs early

ventricular depolarization does NOT start in SA node

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9
Q

PVC depolarization comes from:

A

near or above AV node (supraventricular)

septum or ventricular free wall (ventricular)

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10
Q

Supraventricular PVC

A

QRS has normal shape but not preceded by P wave

specialized conduction system used normally!

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11
Q

Ventricular PVC

A

QRS is wide & bizarre.
slow depolarization
specialized conduction system not used normally!

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12
Q

PVC stands for

A

premature ventricular complex

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13
Q

suppression of electrical stimulation for early QRS could be

A

good

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14
Q

suppression of electrical stimulation for late QRS could be

A

bad

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15
Q

ECG readings of PVC in lead 2 of LEFT Ventricular PVC

A

QRS has negative deflection

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16
Q

ECG readings of Right Ventricular PVC in lead 2

A

QRS has positive deflection

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17
Q

effect of PVC on QRS and T waves

A

they blend together because with PVC, repolarization is more organized.

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18
Q

normal repolarization is…

A

less organized than normal depolarization

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19
Q

Normal heart sounds caused by

A

sudden slowing of a moving column of blood.

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20
Q

normal heart sounds occur when

A

energy of blood is transferred to valves causing vibrations

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21
Q

normal heart sounds are

A

s1, s2, s3, s4

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22
Q

S1

A

closure of AV valves
beginning of systole
in ALL species

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23
Q

S2

A

closure of aortic & pulmonic valves
end of systole/beginning of diastole
in ALL species

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24
Q

S3

A

rapid ventricular filling
may occur w/ gallop rhythm
not normally auscultable in dogs/cats
can hear in pregnant mares due to ^ venous return

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25
Q

S4

A

atrial contraction
immediately before S1
not auscultable in dogs/cats
present but hard to hear in horses

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26
Q

Laminar blood flow

A

smooth

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27
Q

murmurs

A

NOT heart sounds

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28
Q

Murmurs def.

A

abnormal vibrations caused by turbulent blood flow

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29
Q

Murmurs created by

A

pressure gradients across relatively small holes

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30
Q

murmur lengths

A

longer than heart sounds

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31
Q

Origins of Murmurs

A
  1. Stenosis
  2. Incompetent (Insufficient) Valves
  3. Anemia
  4. Septal Defects/patent ductus arteriosus
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32
Q

Stenosis def

A

abnormally narrow opening

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33
Q

Stenosis could be

A

valve or ventricle related.

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34
Q

Example of stenosis

A

subaortic stenosis = smaller ventricular area

35
Q

Incompetent (Insufficient) Valve murmurs

A

valve doesn’t close right & blood regurgitates through “closed” valve

36
Q

Anemia murmurs

A

viscosity of blood is lower, making turbulent flow more likely

37
Q

Septal Defects/Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

blood jets through these abnormal openings causing turbulence

38
Q

Systolic Murmurs

A

incompetent AV valves
stenosis of pulmonic or aortic valves
ex: sub-aortic stenosis

39
Q

Diastolic Murmurs

A

incompetent pulmonic or aortic valves

AV valve stenosis

40
Q

Point of Maximal Intensity (PMI)

A

where you can hear each valve sound the best

41
Q

Pulmonic PMI

A

low left 3rd

42
Q

Aortic PMI

A

High Left 4th

43
Q

Left AV valve PMI

A

low left 5th

44
Q

Right AV Valve PMI

A

Low Right 3rd-5th

45
Q

Sinus Rhythm

A

normal heart rhythm

46
Q

Sinus Rhythm mechanism

A

Depolarization starts in SA node
Atria depolarize & contract Right to Left
AV node, AV bundles, L & R AV bundles,

47
Q

Sinus Rhythm ECG Lead 2

A

upright P
normal P-R interval
normal upright narrow QRS
T wave

48
Q

Tachycardia

A

faster heart rate

49
Q

Tachyarhythmia

A

fast abnormal pattern on ECG

50
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

51
Q

bradyarhythmia

A

slow abnormal pattern on ECG

52
Q

Sinus Arhythmia

A

sinus beat with irregular R-R interval

53
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia originates

A

in SA node => upright P wave

54
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia related to

A

changes in vagal and sympathetic tone during respiration.

Common in relaxed dogs

55
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart

A
  1. increases contractility strength
  2. Increases rate of relaxation
  3. increases heart rate
56
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of SA node

A

increases heart rate

57
Q

how does sympathetic stimulation of the SA node increase heart rate?

A

increases conductance of Na & Ca leading to hypopolarization of plasma membrane which increases rate of spontaneous depolarization

58
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of AV node

A

decreases AV nodal delay

59
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation of AV node decrease AV nodal delay?

A

It increases conductance of Na & Ca which increases conduction velocity (^ excitability) and AV node gets better conduction.

60
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of atrial and ventricular contractile cells

A

increases contractile strength and increases rate of relaxation

61
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation increase contraction strength?

A

It Ca loads the cell.
Plasma mem. Ca channels phosphorylated & open which ^ Ca permeability of cell mem. Phosphorylation of phospholamban stimulates SR Ca pump which increases Ca uptake into SR => more Ca available for release on depolarization

62
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation increase the rate of relaxation of contractile cells?

A

^ Ca uptake into Sr & phosphorylation of troponin I via cAMP => decrease in Ca sensitivity of troponin complex => decreased myosin binding

63
Q

Increasing contraction strength is

A

positive inotropic

64
Q

increasing rate of relaxation is

A

positive lusitropic

65
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation effects on heart

A
  1. slows heart rate

2. increases AV nodal delay

66
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of SA node

A

decreases heart rate

67
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation of SA node decrease heart rate?

A

^ K conducance => SA node hyperpolarization => decrease in If and Ica currents => slower spontaneous depolarization

68
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of AV node

A

increases AV nodal delay (induces 3rd degree AV block)

69
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation of AV node increases AV ndoal delay?

A

^ K permeability => decreased cell excitability => slower/stopped impulse transmission => AV block

70
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of SA & AV nodes caused by…

A

increased vagal stimulation/tone

71
Q

Type of receptors used in the parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

A

muscharinic cholinergic receptors

72
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

73
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

74
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

75
Q

R wave has

A

positive deflection ALWAYS

76
Q

QRS complex doesn’t have

A

to have all 3 waves

77
Q

T wave must be

A

consistent and present. deflection isn’t important

78
Q

R-R interval

A

time b/n ventricular depolarization
ventricular rate
measures heart rate

79
Q

PR interval

A

AV nodal delay time

80
Q

ST interval

A

complete depolarization of ventricle

81
Q

What about atrial repolarization?

A

ECG doesn’t show it.

82
Q

ECG baseline

A

when heart is at RMP

83
Q

Why does Lead 2 give us the most info about a heart’s activity?

A

it cross RV to LV in body & RA to LA

84
Q

ECG

A

measure of heart’s ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

85
Q

ECGs do not:

A

detect specialized conduction system activation or give info about mechanical activity (contraction strength)

Physiology (10 decks)

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