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Physiology > Endocrine Intro > Flashcards

Endocrine Intro Flashcards

0
Q

“senders” in endocrine system

A

endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal, gonads, placenta

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1
Q

Endocrine System

A

communication system

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2
Q

“messages” of endocrine system

A

hormones

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3
Q

Functions the Endocrine System Controls

A

BP, Blood Volume, ECF [electrolyte], RBC production, Blood [Glucose], Growth & Maturation, Repro, Behavior, Immunomodulation, Senescence

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4
Q

Homeostasis maintained by..

A

Nervous system, immune system, endocrine system

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5
Q

Why study the endocrine system?

A

to better understand endocrine diseases, non-endocrine diseases, and how to use hormones as therapies

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6
Q

non-endocrine diseases cause problems via

A

inappropriate hormone release

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7
Q

Hormone

A

substance that travels through blood to cause specific response at site OTHER THAN where it was made

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8
Q

Endocrine Hormone Conveyance

A

Bloodstream

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter conveyance

A

axonal (ie norep)

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10
Q

Neuroendocrine conveyance

A

bloodstream and axonal

ie. norep

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11
Q

Paracrine hormones effect

A

neighboring cells

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12
Q

Autocrine hromones effect

A

the cell that secreted it

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13
Q

Endocrine hormones effect

A

various target organs at other locations

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14
Q

Paracrine hormones secreted into

A

ECF

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15
Q

Autocrine hormones secreted into

A

ECF

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16
Q

Endocrine hormones secreted into

A

bloodstream

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17
Q

Hormones can be…

A

paracrine, autocrine or endocrine

ex: insulin

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18
Q

Insulin’s paracrine effects

A

inhibit glucagon secretion by alpha cells

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19
Q

Insulin’s autocrine effect

A

regulates growth and function of beta cells

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20
Q

Insulin’s endocrine effect

A

glucose uptake for systemic organs

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21
Q

3 Classifications of Hormones

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Steroids
  3. Amines (‘exceptions’)
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22
Q

Amines are

A

tyrosine derivatives.
“exceptions”/”hybrids of steroids & proteins”

-catecholamines & thyroid hormones

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23
Q

Protein Hormone Structure

A

chains of specific amino acids

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24
Q

Protein/Peptide Solubility

A

hydrophilic

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25
Q

Protein/Peptide Synthesis

A

rough ER and packaged in Golgi

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26
Q

Protein/Peptide Storage

A

cytoplasmic secretory granules

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27
Q

Clinical significance of protein/peptide storage in granules

A

can’t regulate synthesis but can regulate release etc.

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28
Q

Protein/Peptide Secretion

A

exocytosis of granules

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29
Q

Protein/Peptide Transport in Blood

A

unbound, free hormone

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30
Q

Protein/Peptide Receptor Site

A

surface of target cell b/c can’t pass through alone

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31
Q

Protein/Peptide Mechanism of Action

A

channel changes or activation of 2nd messenger systems

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32
Q

Protein/Peptide Hormones

A

include those made in hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, pancreas, parathyroid, GIT, liver, kidneys, heart

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33
Q

Protein/Peptide Half-Life

A

short!

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34
Q

Protein/Peptide Clearance

A
  • small mount of small proteins in urine (degraded in kidney)
  • endocytosis of receptor-hormone complexes & lysosomal degradation
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35
Q

Protein/Peptide Route of Administration

A

injection! b/c it’ll be degraded in GI w/ other proteins you eat

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36
Q

Steroid Hormone Structure

A

cholesterol derivative

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37
Q

Steroid Hormone Solubility

A

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

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38
Q

Steroid Hormone Synthesis

A

ovaries, testes, placenta, adrenal CORTEX

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39
Q

Steroid Hormone Storage

A

not stored in cell (cholesterol precursor is stored), meaning we can regulate their synthesis

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40
Q

Steroid Hormone Secretion

A

can cross cell membrane

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41
Q

Steroid Hormone Transport in Blood

A

bound to transport proteins, albumin

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42
Q

Steroid Hormone receptor site

A

inside a target cell b/c don’t need a receptor outside the cell

43
Q

Steroid Hormone Mechanism of Action

A

alters gene expression

44
Q

Steroid Hormone Types

A

progestins, androgens, estrogens, testosterone, minceralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids, active Vit. D

45
Q

Steroid Hormone Half-life

A

long!

46
Q

Steroid Hormone clearance

A

liver and kidney

47
Q

Steroid Hormone Route of Administration

A

can give orally b/c they’re lipids

48
Q

Why are Steroid Hormone half lives so long?

A

because they’re bound to transport proteins which inactivates them and makes them harder to break down

49
Q

Types of Amine Hormones

A
  1. Catecholamines

2. Iodothyronines

50
Q

Catecholamine Structure

A

tyrosine derivative

protein like

51
Q

Catecholamine Solubility

A

hydrophilic

52
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

A

adrenal MEDULLA or neurons

53
Q

Catecholamine storage

A

cytoplasmic secretory granules

54
Q

Catecholamine secretion

A

exocytosis of granules

55
Q

Catecholamine transport in blood

A

unbound or loosely bound to albumin

56
Q

Catecholamine receptor site

A

surface of target cell

57
Q

Catecholamine mechanism of action

A

channel changes or activation of 2nd messenger systems

58
Q

Catecholamine types

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

59
Q

Catecholamine half-life

A

short

60
Q

Catecholamine clearance

A

uptake (w/ receptor into cell), enzymatic conversion

61
Q

Catecholamine route of administration

A

injection

62
Q

Iodothyronines structure

A

iodinated tyrosine derivative

steroid-like

63
Q

Iodothyronines solubility

A

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

64
Q

Iodothyronines synthesis

A

thyroid

65
Q

Iodothyronines storage

A

in thyroid as colloid, acts as a reservoir

66
Q

Iodothyronines secretion

A

can cross cell membrane

67
Q

Iodothyronines transport in blood

A

bound to transport proteins (TBG) & inactive when bound, and to albumin

68
Q

Iodothyronines receptor site

A

inside target cell

69
Q

Iodothyronines mechanism of action

A

alters gene expression

70
Q

Iodothyronines types:

A

T3, T4

71
Q

Iodothyronines half-life

A

long (relatively speaking) with species differences

  • in dog, T3 = 6 hrs, and T4 = 10-16 hrs
  • in ppl, T3 = 6 hrs, and T4 = 7 days
72
Q

Iodothyronines clearance

A

deiodination, liver & kidney

73
Q

Iodothyronines route of administration

A

can give orally

74
Q

Endocrine Axis (cascade)

A

stress signal -> hypothalamus -> hormone released -> pituitary gland -> tropic hormone released -> peripheral endocrine gland -> hormone (cortosol +) released -> hormone goes to target organ - physiologic effect

75
Q

Negative feedback in endocrine system

A

occurs from [HORMONE] not physiologic response

76
Q

Patterns of secretion

A

circadian, ultradian, seasonal,

-some pituitary hormones are secreted in PULSE that cycle every 2-20 min (esp protein ones)

77
Q

What determines patterns of hormone secretion?

A

genetically encoded or acquired.

78
Q

circadian rhythms

A

once daily

endogenously generated by cues like light, feeding, activity, sleep

79
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

occurs multiple times a day

(diurnal rhythms are day-night)

80
Q

seasonal rhythms

A

control breeding, hybernation, & migration behaviors

81
Q

The types of secretion patterns and knowing which hormones are pulsatile and important to know because

A

hormone levels can help us diagnose but we need to know these levels change throughout the day

82
Q

Relative Plasma Concentrations of Hormones

A

Cortisol and ADH (Vasopressin) are present in very low amounts and still can cause big effects

83
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormones) & entering cells

A

must dissociate with plasma protein to enter cells

84
Q

protein bound lipid soluble hormones serve as

A

a RESERVOIR to replenish free hormone when it enters a cell & binds to receptor

85
Q

Methods of Hormone Clearance

A
  • metabolism in tissues
  • binding in tissues
  • excretion by liver (bile)
  • excretion by kidney (urine)
86
Q

Hormone Clearance

A

“cleaning the plasma”

rate of removal of hormone from the blood

87
Q

Hormone receptors

A
  • VERY SPECIFIC for one and only 1 hormone

- the amount changes constantly

88
Q

Ligand-Receptor Interaction

A
  • one hormone binding to one receptor can cause enough amplification of signaling to achieve maximum effect
  • one hormone-receptor binding can activate MULTIPLE pathways & cause multiple effects
89
Q

Peptide Hormones and Catecholamines

A

act as extracellular signals generating altered cellular processes

90
Q

Steroid hormones and Iodothyronines act

A

as intracellular signals and change gene expression

91
Q

Hormone Receptor Types

A
  1. Ion Channel-Linked
  2. G Protein-Linked
  3. Enzyme-Linked
  4. Intracellular
92
Q

Ion channel-linked receptors

A

open or close an ion channel when activated

93
Q

G Protein-Linked Receptors

A
  • activated receptors cause activation of a G protein in cell membrane which initiates intracellular signals leading to physiologic effect
  • G proteins can be stimulatory or inhibitory
94
Q

Enyzme-Linked Receptors

A

when activated, function directly as enzymes

95
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

located in cytoplasm or nucleus & when activated cause protein synthesis or gene transcription

96
Q

After a receptor is activated,

A

the second messenger systems are activated

97
Q

Types of 2nd Messenger Systems

A

Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP
Cell Membrane Phospholipid
Caclium-Calmodulin

98
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase cAMP Steps

A
  1. Hormone binds to G protein-linked receptor
  2. Stimulatory G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
  3. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates enzyme cascade in cell
  5. Cell’s response to hormone is achieved
    (opposite for inhibitory G protein from Steps 2-5)
99
Q

Cell Membrane Phospholipid Steps:

A
  1. Hormone binds to enzyme-linked receptor
  2. Phospholipase C is activated
  3. Phospholipase C catalyzes breakdown of membrane phospholipids into IP3 and DAG
  4. IP3 mobilizes Ca2+
  5. DAG activates Protein Kinase C which activates many proteins
  6. Cell’s response to hormone is achieved by steps 4 & 5
    (how a receptors work)
100
Q

Calcium-Calmodulin Steps as 2nd Messenger:

A
  1. Hormone binds to ion channel-linked receptor (or voltage channel opens ion channel)
  2. Ca enters cell & binds to Calmodulin
  3. Calmodulin activated
  4. Calmodulin activates/inhibits protein kinases
  5. Cell’s response to hormone is achieved.
101
Q

What influences receptor expression numbers on a cell

A
  • genetically controlled expression
  • other factors (disease, ligand binding, etc) that alter sensitivity of cell by altering number of expressed receptors
  • tissue type
102
Q

Pathologic Up regulation of receptors

A

adrenergic receptors in hyperthyroidism

103
Q

Pathologic Down regulation of receptors

A

insulin receptors in Type 2 Diabetes

104
Q

Decreased responsiveness

A

decreased response at same CONCENTRATION as normal response

105
Q

Normal response

A

gives maximum response with hormone concentration

106
Q

decreased sensitivity

A

same response at a HIGHER concentration than normal

Physiology (10 decks)

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