heart

Question 1

tunica initima

Answer 1

endothelial cells n basement membrane

release chemicals to control diameter of vessel

Question 2

tunica media

Answer 2

smooth muscle- control diameter by contracting/relaxing

elastic tissue- determine elasticity aka stretch n recoil of vessels

Question 3

tunica adventitia/externa

Answer 3

loose collagen fibres
protects vessels
anchors vessels to surrounding s

Question 4

noradrenaline

Answer 4

act on alpha receptor

cause constriction of arteriole

Question 5

adrenaline

Answer 5

act on alpha receptors= constrict arteriole

act on beta recepotrs= dilate arteriole

Question 6

angiotensisn 2, vasopressin

Answer 6

constrict arteriole

Question 7

atrial naturietic peptide, bradykinin

Answer 7

dilate arteriole

Question 8

Left Heart Failure

Answer 8

pulmonary oedema

Question 9

Right Heart Failure

Answer 9

peripheral oedema

Question 10

innervation

Answer 10

 Referred pain is to the T1 dermatome -right shoulder..

Question 11

transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 11

aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind

Question 12

 Oblique pericardial sinus

Answer 12

behind the heart, allows access to the oesophagus through the pericardium or vice versa . bounded anteriorly by left ventricle

Question 13

left recurrent LARYNGEAL NERVE

Answer 13

loops undeer aorta and right subclavian

Question 14

 Great cardiac vein

Answer 14

with LAD

Question 15

 Middle cardiac vein

Answer 15

with PIV

Question 16

 Small cardiac vein

Answer 16

right marginal artery

Question 17

 Most of RV drains into RA, but not through

Answer 17

coronary sinus.

Question 18

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 18

1. Pulmonary stenosis
2. Right ventricular hypertrophy
3. Overriding aorta
4. VSD (ventricular septal defect)

Question 19

• PFO (patent foramen ovale

Answer 19

wen foramen ovale doesn’t closes.bw atriums

Question 20

• PDA (patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 20

wen ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth (bw aorta n pulmonary trunck)

Question 21

cardiac tamponade

Answer 21

more fluid in pericardial sac than should be -eg bleeding into there

Question 22

tricuspid valve-

Answer 22

IV drug users

Question 23

Valvular • Incompetency/insufficiency

Answer 23

leaflets do not close properly – valve leaks, may prolapse – regurgitation.

Question 24

valvular stenosis

Answer 24

abnormal narrowing/thickening/ stiffening of valve – blood is forced out but cannot get out as effectively – hypertrophy caused over time.

Question 25

angina- type of pain

Answer 25

pressure, squeezing, burning, or tightness

Question 26

complications of atherosclerosis

Answer 26

calcification within plaque
rupture of surface of plaque
haemorrhage into plaque
aneurysmal dilation of vessel wall
get fatty streak
atheromatous plaque

Question 27

Aortic Stenosis Disease

Answer 27

– Angina
– Syncope
– Dyspnoea

Question 28

aortic stenosis

Answer 28

narrowing of aortic valve

Question 29

aortic coarctation

Answer 29

narrowing of aorta like anywhere