Heart

Question 1

In which space does the heart reside?

Answer 1

The middle mediastrum

Question 2

The base of the heart faces in which anatomical direction?

Answer 2

Posterior surface

Question 3

The base of the heart consists of what structures?

Answer 3

1. Left atrium
2. Small part of the right atrium
3. proximal parts of the vena cava and the aorta.

Question 4

The base of the heart is opposite which vertebrae?

Answer 4

T6 - T9

Question 5

The apex of the heart consists of what structures?

Answer 5

Inferolateral part of the left ventricle.

Question 6

The apex of the heart is at the level of which intercostal space and how far from the midsternal line?

Answer 6

5th intercostal space and 8-9cm from the midsternal line.

Question 7

A double walled fibroserous sac surrounding the heart is called…

Answer 7

the pericardium

Question 8

What is the function of serous membrane?

Answer 8

It secretes fluid for lubrication.

Question 9

The pericardium consists of two parts, what are they?

Answer 9

The visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium.

Question 10

The visceral pericardium is also called…

Answer 10

Epicardium

Question 11

The visceral pericardium consists of two layers describe them..

Answer 11

1) Loose layer that adheres to the heart

2) Surface layer of mesothelium

Question 12

This layer of the parietal pericardium is anchored to the mediastinum and protects the heart against overfilling/overexpansion.

Answer 12

the fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium

Question 13

the inner layer of the parietal pericardium is known as…

Answer 13

the serous layer

Question 14

The pericardial cavity describes the space between which structures of the heart?

Answer 14

parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

Question 15

Heart compression due to the build up of fluid in the pericardium is called..

Answer 15

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 16

If there is blood in the pericardial space, this condition is known as…

Answer 16

hemopericardium

Question 17

What are the signs of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 17

veins of face and neck are engorged due to blood back up

Question 18

To relieve cardiac tamponade, fluid is drained from the pericardial cavity by way of a needle. What is this process called?

Answer 18

Pericardiocentesis

Question 19

where is the wide bore needle inserted for pericardiocentesis?

Answer 19

1) through the left 5th or 6th intercostal space

2) superoposteriorly through infrasternal angle

Question 20

Is the cardiac skeleton made of bone?

Answer 20

No, it is made of a tough connective tissue.

Question 21

where is the cardiac skeleton present?

Answer 21

Around the valves and passages of the heart

Question 22

what is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton (trigone)?

Answer 22

It prevents the overstretching of valves and regurgitation of blood back into the heart.

Question 23

The receiving chambers (holding blood coming back to the heart) of the heart are called..

Answer 23

Atria

Question 24

The notable features of the right atrium include…

Answer 24

1) Right auricle
2) Sinus venarum
3) Pectinate muscles
4) terminal crest
5) Fossa Ovalis

Question 25

The smooth thin-walled posterior part of the right atrium is the..

Answer 25

Siuns Venarum

Question 26

The rough muscular anterior wall of the right atrium is what structure?

Answer 26

Pectinate Muscles

Question 27

Inside the right atrium, the vertical ridge separating the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall is called the...

Answer 27

Terminal crest

Question 28

The shallow depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium is what structure?

Answer 28

The fossa ovalis

Question 29

The fossa ovalis is a remnamt of what structure?

Answer 29

the foramen ovale of the heart

Question 30

This structure of the heart of children still in the womb bypasses the lung and acts as a shunt between the right ant left atrium. This structure is shut once the lungs become functional.

Answer 30

the foramen ovale of the heart

Question 31

The left atrium receives blood from where?

Answer 31

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulnomary veins.

Question 32

These chambers of the heart are known as the discharging chambers as they hold blood bound to leave the heart.

Answer 32

Ventricles

Question 33

The folds and bridges on the inner surface of the myocardium of the ventricles is called the...

Answer 33

Trabecular carneae

Question 34

This piece of trabeculae carneae crosses the cavity of the ventricle from the interventricular septum tot he base of the anterior papillary muscle.

Answer 34

Moderator Band (Septomarginal trabecula)

Question 35

This structure carries the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle and tells the papillary muscles to tense before ventricles receive the signal to contract.

Answer 35

Moderator Band (Septomarginal Trabecula)

Question 36

These structures are conical projections of cardiac muscle into the lumen of the ventricles.

Answer 36

Papillary muscles.

Question 37

This structure consists of fibrous strands that strech from the papillary muscles to the free edges and ventricular surfaces of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in the ventricles.

Answer 37

Cordae tendineae

Question 38

This structure of the most superior part the right ventricle. It is funnel-shaped and the innerwall in smooth.

Answer 38

Conus Arteriosus

Question 39

This structure is a thick, musclular ridge that separates the muscular wall of the chamber from the smooth wall of the conus ateriosus.

Answer 39

Supraventricular Crest

Question 40

True or False: The right ventricle is thicker in comparison to the left ventricle.

Answer 40

False. The right ventricle pumps blood into only the lungs which are relatively close, therefore the wall of the right ventricle is thin. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker because it pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Question 41

Name the vales of the heart in the order consistent with the flow of blood through the heart.

Answer 41

The right atrioventricular valvle (tricuspid), the pulmonary semilunar valve, the left atrioventricular valve (mitral or bicuspid) aortic semilunar valves.

Question 42

Which of the valves of the heart is the most frequently distressed valve?

Answer 42

The left atrioventricular valve.

Question 43

True or false? The atrioventricular valves have no cordae tendineae.

Answer 43

False. The semilunar valvles have no cordae tendineae.

Question 44

Name the parts of the conduction system of the heart.

Answer 44

Sinuatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Atrioventricular bundle, Right and left bundle branches, myoconduction ribers

Question 45

myoconduction fibers include what structures?

Answer 45

Purkinje fibers and subendocardial branches