Heart

Question 1

What does the right side of the pulmonary circuit do? (Where is blood coming from, oxygen rich or poor)

Answer 1

.The right side receives oxygen poor blood from the body, where it passes through the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

Question 2

What does the left side of the pulmonary circuit do?

Answer 2

Transports oxygen rich blood into the left side of the heart, where it’s then pumped to the body

Question 3

Receiving chambers:
Right atrium
Left atrium

Answer 3

Right atrium receives oxygen poor blood(frombody)
Left receives oxygen
Rich from lungs

Question 4

Pumping chambers:
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Answer 4

Right ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Left ventral pumps oxygen rich blood to body

Question 5

Physiology of fibrous pericardium

Answer 5

Very strong, made up of several layers and protects against leakage

Question 6

Physiology: pericardial cavity

Answer 6

Cushion, lubricant

Question 7

Physiology: endocardium

Answer 7

Lining inside of heart (chambers)
No blood

Question 8

Physiology: superor and inferior vena cava

Answer 8

. Superior returns blood from above diaphragm and inferior returns blood from below diaphragm
Also receiving chambers (associated with atrium)

Question 9

Physiology: left and right ventricle

Answer 9

Right ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood to the pulmonary system through pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to the body via aorta (systemic system)

Question 10

Function and steps of atrioventricular valves

Answer 10

1. Blood fills up atrium applying pressure which cause AV values to open
2. AV valves hang open, atria contracts forcing blood to ventricles
3. Ventricles contract, forcing blood
   Against AV valves, forcing them closed
4. Papillary muscles contact and chordae tendineae tightenso don’t evert into atria umbrella affect)

Question 11

Function and steps of SL valves

Answer 11

1. As ventricles contract and pressure rises blood pushes valves open (response to pressure).
   As ventricles relax and pressure falls back from arteries pushing the cusps of values closed end of cycle

Question 12

Physiology of coronary sinus

Answer 12

Returns blood from myocardium to the right atrium

Question 13

Physiology of papillary muscles and chordea tendineae

Answer 13

Papillary muscles project into ventricle cavity and chord lendineae anchor value cusps to papillary muscles

Question 14

Mitral valve stenosis

Answer 14

When mitral valves don’t open properly and blood slowly drips down, causes heart to work harder
Can be due to calcium buildup

Question 15

Mitral valve regurgitation

Answer 15

When valve shoots de-oxigenated blood from ventricle back up into atrium

Question 16

Explain steps of bloodflow starting at the systemic capillaries

Answer 16

Oxygen poor blood flows through the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus, into the right atrium where it then flows into the right ventricle and out the pulmonary trunk where it will be
Oxidized by the pulmonary capillaries

After, the O2 rich blood enters the four pulmonary veins into the left atrium then into the left ventricle out the aorta where oxygenated blood gets circulated into the sympathetic system, aka tissues of the body

Question 17

What are coronary veins

Answer 17

Veins on the outside of heart used to feed (provide energy)
Easily blocked due to being small and often where heart disease manifests

Question 18

What are gap junctions used for in cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 18

Present to create a functional syncytium, which essentially means the cells communicate in order to all contract, beat, simultaneously

Question 19

What are desmosomes used for in cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 19

Resistance to tearing from mechanical stress

Question 20

What is angina

Answer 20

Homeostasis imbalance where plaque build up in arteries and reduces/stops bloodflow

Question 21

What are pacemaker cells

Answer 21

Responsible for triggering APS throughout the heart
Heart depolarize and contracts due to self- excitatory cells called pace maker cells

Only ever affected by the autonomic nervous system when needed

Question 22

Explain steps of intrinsic conduction system (heart action potential)

Answer 22

1, The pacemaker potential, potassium channels close and sodium channels open becoming more positive

2 depolarization, @ -40mv Na initiates voltagegated Ca channels to open and huge influx occurs

3, repolarization, Ca channels close and potassium channels open, potassium makes negative again

Question 23

Heart rhythm/intrinsic conduction

Answer 23

1. SA node (pacemaker) generates impulse
2. The impulse pauses at the AV node (slows down ap)
3. AV bundle connects atria to ventricle(like a wire or an axon)
4. Bundle branches conduct the impulse to
   Interventricular septum