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BIO-272 Exam 1 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 layers of the pericardium and what they are made of from external to internal

A
  • Fibrous pericardium: connective tissue
  • Parietal layer of serous pericardium: simple squamous
  • Pericardial cavity: pericardial fluid
  • Epicardium: simple squamous
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2
Q

Name the 3 layers of the WALL of the heart from external to internal with their purpose

A

Epicardium: simple squamous epithelium: protection
Myocardium: cardiac muscle tissue: contraction
Endocardium: simple squamous epithelium: smooth surface for BF

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3
Q

Describe the path of blood starting in the right atrium

A

Right atrium>tricuspid>right ventricle>pulmonary semilunar valve> pulmonary trunk> pulmonary arteries> lungs> pulmonary veins> left atrium> bicuspid valve> left ventricle> aortic semilunar valve> aorta> body

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4
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • mostly cardiocytes
  • striated: rows of contractable proteins
  • intercalated discs: 1 cardiocyte meets neighbor allowing faster communication
  • Capillary: lighter strand supplying CMT with blood
  • Nucleus, mitochondria, myoglobin, glycogen
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5
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton

A

connective tissue dividing atria from ventricles preventing action potential from hitting both

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6
Q

Give the 10 steps to skeletal muscle contraction

A
  1. Neuron releases neurotransmitter
  2. NT (acetylcholine) binds to receptor on skeletal muscle cell membrane
  3. Receptor is also chemically gated ion channel
  4. channel opens allowing sodium into cell
  5. cell depolarizes, activates voltage gated ion channel
  6. voltage gated channels domino transmitting AP
  7. traveling change in voltage goes down t-tubules next to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into cytoplasm of muscle cell
  9. calcium binds to troponin moving tropomyosin revealing binding site on actin
  10. Thick filament myosin grabs actin pulling = contraction
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7
Q

Give the 6 steps to a muscle cell contraction

A
  1. autorythmic cells start AP
  2. AP spreads to contractile cells via intercalated discs
  3. AP opens voltage gated calcium channels and triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into cytoplasm
  4. calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, reveals actin binding sites
  5. myosin pulls on actin=contraction
  6. AP spreads to neighboring cells via intercalated discs
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8
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system

A

2 groups of autorythmic cardicoytes forming electrical wiring rapidly spreading AP

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9
Q

Describe path of AP in the heart

A

Sinoatrial node> atrial myocardium> AV node> AV bundle> Purkinje fibers> Ventricular myocardium

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10
Q

Describe each wave of the EKG

A
  • P wave: atrial systole with ventricular diastole: SA node fires, atria depolarizes and contracts
  • QRS: Ventricular systole with atrial diastole: AV node fires, ventricles depolarize and contract, atria repolarizing
  • T wave: diastole of atria and ventricles: ventricle repolarization and passive filling of heart
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11
Q

What causes the first and second heart sounds

A

S1: AV valves shut
S2: Semilunar valves shutting

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12
Q

What causes a heart murmur

A

problems with valves closing (damage to chordae tendonae or semilunar cusps)

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13
Q

What percentage of ventricular blood volume comes from passive filling vs atrial contraction

A

90-10

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14
Q

What is a cardiac cycle

A

Events of heart from 1 beat to next

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15
Q

Give the cardiac cycle by the numbers (avg EDV, SV, ESV,)

A
  • EDV: 130 mL
  • SV: 70 mL
  • ESV: 60 mL
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16
Q

What do EDV, SV, and ESV mean

A
  • EDV: end diastolic volume, amount of blood in 1 ventricle before contraction
  • SV: stroke volume, amount of blood leaving 1 ventricle during systole
  • ESV: amount of blood in 1 ventricle at the end of contraction
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17
Q

What is ejection fraction, how is it calculated, and what is the average

A
  • SV/EDV x 100
  • % of blood in ventricles that is pumped out in a stroke
  • 55-70% can rise up to 90%
18
Q

Summarize the process of the nervous system communicating with the heart

A
  1. Medulla Oblongota receives info, travels to heart via nerves
  2. Axon terminals release neurotransmitter onto myocardium
  3. NT binds to receptors in cell membrane of cardiocytes
  4. receptor affects transmembrane potential, inhibiting or enhancing action potential
19
Q

Describe the basics of sympathetic heart stimulation

A
  • HR: increase
  • Innervates: cardiac nerve in spine
  • Target: autorythmic cells
  • NT: catecholamines- norepinephrine, epinephrine
  • Ion: Ca2+ and NA+
20
Q

Describe the basics of parasympathetic heart stimulation

A
  • HR: decrease
  • Innervates: vagus nerve in brain
  • Target: autorythmic cells: muscarinic receptors
  • NT: Acetylcholine
  • Ion: K+ channels
21
Q

What is Preload and what factors into the amount

A
  • Preload= EDV
  • Higher BV and higher venous return to heart= increase preload
  • High HR over 180 bpm= not enough time between contractions
22
Q

What is Afterload and what affects it

A
  • pressure blood has to reach to eject blood from ventricle through semilunar
  • affected by hardening of arteries and increased blood pressure
  • high bp is hard to push blood in
23
Q

What is the relationship between afterload and stroke volume

A

increase afterload=decrease stroke volume

24
Q

what is contractility and what affects it

A
  • contraction strength
  • affected by NS stimulation
25
Q

what is the relationship between stroke volume and contractility

A

increase SV=increase contractility

26
Q

What is cardiac output

A

-how much blood heart pumps per minute
- affected by excercise, rest, stress

27
Q

what are the contributors to cardiac output

A
  • Sympathetic NS
  • parasympathetic NS
  • Thyroid hormone
  • catecholamines
  • preload
  • afterload
  • contractility
  • stroke volume
  • heart rate
28
Q

what is the relationship between HR, SV, and CO

A

increase SV/HR= increase CO

29
Q

Stimulants for CO

A

high body temp, strong emotions, nicotine

30
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

hardening of arteries via buildup of plaque (lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, WBC) and narrowing of lumen

31
Q

Tachycardia

A

rapid heart beat

32
Q

Bradycardia

A

Beats too slow

33
Q

Fibbrilation

A

too fast and chaotic/irregular beats

34
Q

Asystole

A

no beats

35
Q

What is a defibrillator and how does it work

A

electrically charged paddles, charge heart: stopping tachycardia or asystole allowing SA node to reestablish rhythm

36
Q

What is a heart attack called and are indicators used to determine

A

myocardial infarction: blood test or angiogram

37
Q

What is CK-MB

A
  • cardiac tissue biomarker
  • builds in cells during hypoxia/infarction
  • membrane of damaged cardiocyte deteriorates due to lack of ATP, releasing CK-MB into blood post necrosis
38
Q

What is Cardiac troponin and what causes it

A
  • I & T
  • Caused by normal damage or trauma to heart cardiocytes via ribs/sternum
39
Q

Describe the procedure of an angiogram

A
  1. catheter inserted to femoral/radial artery
  2. tube snaked up to aorta
  3. injected with contrast agent
  4. take x-ray, contrast agent absorbs radiation appearing dark on scan, vessels with poor BF appear light
40
Q

what do beta blockers do

A

decrease HR and contractility

41
Q

what is an ACE inhibitor

A

decreases blood pressure by preventing angiotensin-converting enzyme from increasing vasomotion

BIO-272 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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