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BIO-272 Exam 1 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

List the three types of arteries and veins and what they supply/origin

A
  • Coronary: arteries branch from aorta, supply myocardium: veins collect blood from myocardium, converge at coronary sinus
  • Pulmonary: arteries branch from pulmonary trunk, carry DO blood to lungs: veins carry o2 blood from lungs to left atrium
  • Systemic: arteries branch from aorta, deliver blood to body: veins empty to superior/inferior vena cava
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2
Q

Give the ranges for normal, hypertension 1, hypertension 2, and hypertensive crisis

A

Normal 120/80, hypertension 1 130/80, hypertension 2 140/90, hypertensive crisis 180/120

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3
Q

what does the 120/80 mean in BP

A

systolic/diastolic: systolic=pressure blood is pushing against arteries during a beat, diastolic=pressure against artery at rest

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4
Q

Give the path of blood starting and ending at the heart

A

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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5
Q

What are the 3 tunics of blood vessels

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

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6
Q

Give details on the Tunica Interna (structure function veins AND arteries AND capillaries)

A

Structure:
- simple squamous epithelium continuous with endocardium, layer of connective tissue
Function:
- In veins/arteries: prevents unwanted clotting
- in arteries: releases chemicals causing constriction of TM muscule tissue (regulate bf/bp)
- in capillaries: exchange of material between blood and tissue

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7
Q

What are capillaries made of (wall)

A

ALL tunica interna for easy transfer

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8
Q

Give details on the tunica media (structure function)

A

Structure:
- layers of smooth muscle
- connective tissue with elastic fiber proteins
- sympathetic innervation
Function:
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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9
Q

What does a blood vessel histological slide look like

A
  • veins collapse due to lack of tunica media
  • tunica interna slightly darker thin layer, tunica media largest layer, tunica externa thin dark layer external
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10
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

-wall thickness varies due to variations in smooth muscle fibers
- further from the heart=smaller lumen+less muscle

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11
Q

Why do arteries further from the heart have thinner walls and smaller lumen

A

Further=less bf=less bp= less force needed

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12
Q

Describe the structure of arterioles

A

thin walled arteries, metarteriole connects arteriole to capillary bed

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of capillaries

A
  • mostly endothelium
  • intercellular clefts connecting adjacent cells
  • coated with thin layer of proteins (basement membrane)
  • site of exchange for nutrients, gases, waste between bloodstream
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14
Q

what are precapillary sphincters

A

rings of muscle at the start of capillary beds, dilate and constrict to allow more or less BF

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15
Q

SSSSRH: slimy snakes sling right hooks shittily

A

sternum, scapula, skull, ribs, hip, spongy bone of proximal femur

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16
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid

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17
Q

Describe continuous capillaries including structure function and location

A
  • most common
  • not in brain
  • endothelium w sealed basement membrane
  • small intercellular clefts w incomplete tight junctions between endothelial cells
  • passage of very small molecules through intercellular clefts
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18
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries including structure function and location

A
  • holes in endothelial cells
  • allow small molecules through & proteins
  • found where proteins made to put in blood (endocrine gland, kidneys, SI)
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19
Q

Describe sinusoid capillaries including structure function and location

A
  • LARGE endothelial holes
  • found in areas where large cells moved (bone marrow, liver, spleen)
  • discontinuous basement membrane
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20
Q

What are the 2 types of special capillaries and explain

A

Anastomosis: alternative pathway for blood flow (direct connection from A-V)
Portal system: two capillary beds in a row

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of veins

A
  • return blood to heart
  • blood resevoir (over 50% of BV is in veins)
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • less pressure on blood flow
22
Q

what is the difference between veins in abdomen and veins in the arm

A
  • veins in limbs larger with valves for unidirectional flow
23
Q

Describe the venous return to the heart (4)

A
  1. heart pushing pressure (ventricles)+ suction (atria)
  2. venous valves
  3. skeletal muscle pump
  4. respiratory pump
24
Q

explain the skeletal muscle pump in the arm

A

skeletal muscles contract, squeeze on veins, valve prevents backflow forcing blood towards heart

25
Q

explain the respiratory pump

A

breathing causes changes in pressure forcing blood through veins

26
Q

basics of the 2 methods used to move things in and out of capillaries

A

Transcellular: (thru cell)
- move across cells of the capillary wall
- diffusion (concentration gradient)
Paracellular: (pinch between)
- move between cells of capillary wall
- bulk flow (pressure gradient)

27
Q

Explain what bulk flow is used for and how it works

A
  • moves large amounts of solute in/out
  • how fluids/small solutes move between capillary and interstitial fluid
  • dependent on pressure, hardest force wins
28
Q

Give the 2 determinants of blood flow (measurable) and explain both

A

blood pressure (pressure against capillary walls) and osmotic pressure (determined by albumin, water follows solute)

29
Q

What is the difference in pressure on the arteriole side vs the venule side in regards to bulk flow

A
  • arteriole side: pressure out harder than in, fluid exits (filtration)
  • venule side: pressure out lower than in, water enters (reabsorption)
30
Q

what molecules travel via bulk flow

A

water, small hydrophilic substances in water (AA, glucose, ions)

31
Q

Explain how capillary exchange is controlled and what biomarkers cause these controls

A
  • dilation/constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters
  • active tissue= high co2, high heat, low o2= arterioles dilate, precap sphincters dilate= BF increase
  • inactive tissue= low co2, low temp, high pH, high o2= reverse
32
Q

how is circulatory efficiency measured

A

pulse rate (expansion/recoil of arteries during card. cycle) and blood pressure

33
Q

Why is blood pressure important

A
  • constant pressure=constant supply of blood to organs
  • high bp= damage to blood vessels, can lead to heart disease
34
Q

describe the procedure for measuring blood pressure (3)

A
  1. BF stopped by sphygmomanometer squeeze, cutting brachial pulse
  2. slow reduction in pressure> first blood pressure spurt passing through heard=systolic
  3. further reduce pressure>sounds get louder eventually fade=diastolic
35
Q

formula for MAP

A

MAP= CO x PR

36
Q

what are the 2 factors that slow blood flow and what affects them

A
  • viscosity: polycythemia, high altitude, dehydration
  • vessel size: vasomotion
37
Q

describe 2 hormones that increase blood volume (when they are released, from where, and what they do)

A
  • ADH: released by pituitary when plasma is low
  • Aldosterone: released by adrenal glands when BV and BP are low
  • increase water retention at kidneys, increasing BV and BP
38
Q

describe a hormone that decreases blood volume (when it is released, from where, and what does it do)

A
  • Natiuretic peptide hormone: released by atria when heart overstretching (BV too high)
  • target kidneys increase diuresis (urine prod) decrease BV and BP
39
Q

Explain angiotensin II activation and what it does

A
  1. kidney cells detect low BF, secrete renin
  2. Renin coverts plasma protein angiotensinogen>angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensin I circulates> lungs> converts to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme
    - increases BP via promoting vasoconstriciton
40
Q

common target for cardiovascular drugs and why

A

ACE: increases BP and is powerful thus good to address in high BP patients

41
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of action for angiotensin II

A
  1. system constriction of arteries
  2. release of aldosterone and ADH
42
Q

How do catecholamines increase BP (and where do they do the opposite?)

A
  • released by adrenal glands in response to large sudden decrease in bp/increase in activity
  • cause vasoconstriction in most arteries (dilation in brain, skel muscle, lungs, heart)
43
Q

Why do catecholamines have different effects in certain areas

A

during fight or flight better to have blood flow to critical areas so vessels vasodilate

44
Q

What is the role of the nervous system in regulating BP

A
  • all sympathetic motor neurons innervating arteries
  • increase rate of firing=vasoconstriction, decrease rate=vasodilation
  • sympathetic NS releasing catecholamines (neurotransmitter)
45
Q

explain the role of the medulla oblongota and the 3 control centers it has

A
  • control center for cardiovascular function
  • cardioinhibitory center: stimulate parasympathetic input to heart (lower HR, SV, CO)
  • cardioacceleratory center: stimulate sympathetic input to heart (raise HR, SV, CO)
  • vasomotor center: stimulates sympathetic input to blood vessels (raise BP, CO)
46
Q

what are the four biomarkers for the medulla oblongota

A

BP, O2, CO2, pH

47
Q

2 types of receptors for the medulla oblongota (where they are and what they do)

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid artery
- baroreceptor: detect BP changes
- chemoreceptor: detect o2, co2, H+ ion changes

48
Q

Give the blood path from the heart ending at the digital arteries

A

Aorta>brachiocephalic trunk>common carotid>subclavian>axillary>brachial>radial/ulnar>pulmar>digital

49
Q

Give the blood path from the heart ending at the plantar/dorsal arterial arch

A

aorta>common iliac>external iliac>femoral posterior>popliteal>ant/post tibial>dorsal pedal>digital arteries>plantar/dorsal arterial arch

50
Q

Give the venous path of blood from the digital veins to the vena cava

A

digital veins>pulmur veinous arch>cephalic/basilic>radial/ulnar>median cubital>brachial>axillary>subclavian>braciocephalic>internal/ext juglar>superior vena cava

51
Q

Give venous path of blood starting at the plantar/dorsal arch ending at the inferior vena cava

A

plantar/dorsal arch>digital veins>venous arch> anterior/posterior tibial>small subvenous/great subvenous>popliteal/femoral>external iliac>common iliac> inferior vena cava

BIO-272 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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