Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO-272 Exam 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the basic measurements for blood (temp, visc, pH, volume)

A
  • temp: 100 degrees Fahrenheit
  • viscosity: 5x higher than water
  • pH: 7.35 veinous, 7.4 arterial
  • volume: 5.5 M, 4.5 F
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • transportation of O2, Co2, nutrients and waste.
  • regulation of body temp through blood vessels in skin dilating and constricting. regulation of pH swings through buffers (bicarbonate)
  • protection from pathogens and damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What system is blood part of?

A

circulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are formed elements and how abundant are they

A
  • Formed elements = cells in blood
  • 45% of total blood volume
  • 99.9% erythrocytes 0.1% leukocytes and platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is blood plasma and how abundant is it

A
  • plasma = area outside of cells
  • 55% of BV
  • 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are plasma proteins and where are they made

A
  • made by liver
  • Albumin: most abundant, maintain osmotic balance keeping fluid from exiting blood vessels
  • Globulins: immunoglobulins for defense, transportglobulins for hormones
  • Fibrinogen: becomes fibrin for blood clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the other solutes in plasma

A
  • Inorganic substances: electrolytes (ions) i.e sodium for osmotic balance
  • organic nutrients and waste: glucose, fats, urea (waste product of producing proteins)
  • gaseous solutes: O2, Co2, N2
  • Co2: reacts with water to form carbonic acid, breaks into H+ and bicarbonate (pH buffer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 types of Leukocytes and their functions

A
  • Neutrophils:
  • most NUmerous
  • phagocytosis bacteria
  • Eosinophils:
  • fights parasites
  • Basophils:
  • release chemicals that aid inflammation
  • histamine and heparin
  • Monocytes:
  • LARGEST
  • turns into macrophages when leaving circulation to repair damaged tissue
  • phagocytose bacteria
  • Lymphocytes:
  • 2nd most common
  • longest lived
  • T & B cells, specific immune response
  • Natural killer cells, nonspecific defense, can fight own cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Importance of histamine/heparin

A

Histamines cause allergies, heparin stops clotting allowing WBC to enter and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pneumonic for remembering leukocyte types

A

LEBNM: Let Everyone Bump Nirvana Mom- lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hematopoiesis: definition, location, requirements

A
  • process of making blood cells/formed elements
  • occurs in red bone marrow (locations in adults: sternum, ribs, scapula, skull, hip, spongy bone of proximal femur)
  • requires hematopoietic stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte and why this structure is beneficial

A
  • biconcave disc: keeps O2 close to edges for easier diffusion
  • non-spherical: allows stacking of RBCs in blood vessels
  • Flexible cytoskeleton: allows folding for travel through capillaries
  • Non-complex: water, cytoskeleton, hemoglobin, no nucleus post maturity allows more room for O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin

A
  • protein made of 4 polypeptides
  • each polypeptide has 1 heme, each heme has 1 iron
  • Heme: iron + porphyrin ring, iron reversibly binds to O2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Hb?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the Bohr Effect

A

As CO2 and H+ increase in the blood, hemoglobin releases more O2, increasing uptake of CO2 and H+ for exhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Hemoglobin act as a pH buffer

A

Hemoglobin binds to CO2 and H+ maintaining blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain Erythropoiesis

A
  • hematopoiesis of erythrocytes (making rbcs)
  • 2 million rbcs/sec
  • requires lots of raw materials due to short lifespan
  • raw materials: Iron, Copper, Zinc, vitamin B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the function of the raw materials in erythropoiesis

A
  • Iron: needed for production and synthesis of hemoglobin
  • Copper: transport iron/convert to usable form
  • Zinc: used to make heme
  • Vitamin B: Folate & B12 needed for DNA synthesis to shape RBCs, B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain what happens after hematopoietic stem cells differentiate and what their new form does

A

-Become reticulocytes via direction of erythropoietin (EPO)
- Form of RBC that enters blood stream, still contains some organelles
- Makes up 1-2% of erythrocyte count used as indicator for levels of RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Erythropoietin (EPO) source, target, function, and regulation

A
  • Hormone
  • source: kidneys in response to hypoxia
  • target: bone marrow erythrocyte progenitor cells
  • function: increase RBC production
  • regulation: negative feedback
21
Q

Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte from birth to life and eventual death (6)

A
  1. Born in red bone marrow
  2. Released as reticulocyte
  3. circulates for 120 days
  4. dies in spleen/liver
  5. Iron stored by liver/spleen, transported via transferrin to bone marrow
  6. porphyrin ring degraded into biliverdin/bilirubin, waste product becomes bile
22
Q

Cardinal signs for inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain

23
Q

Describe the movement of WBCs

A
  • can leave bloodstream to go to areas of infection/damage
  • utilize amoeboid type movement: “foot” of cell membrane pulls cell forward
24
Q

Chemotaxis

A

chemicals released by cells in area of damage/infection signaling leukocytes

25
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Multipotent stem cell undergoes chemical changes differentiating WBC types

26
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping of bleeding using platelets derived from megakaryocytes

27
Q

3 Steps of Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular Spasm: smooth muscle contraction of blood vessel preventing BF to area
  2. Platelet Plug Formation: platelets stick to rough broken vessel, activates chemical release attracting more platelets
  3. Coagulation: formation of more durable blood clot
28
Q

Hemostasis process in detail (5)

A
  1. platelets release chemicals causing prothrombin to become thrombin
  2. thrombin activates fibrinogen
  3. fibrinogen becomes fibrin forming clot net
  4. platelets pull edges of damaged vessel together
  5. plasminogen activates becomes plasmin cutting fibrinogen allowing BF
29
Q

Warafin

A

blood thinner prevents heart attack and stroke

30
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot in unwanted location

31
Q

Embulus

A

thrombus that breaks away entering circulation

32
Q

Platelets

A

stick to plaques (scars)

33
Q

What creates different bloodtypes

A

presence/absence of A, B, Rh antigens on surface of RBC

34
Q

What do antibodies have to do with blood types and what do they do in the blood

A
  • antibodies are proteins that bind with antigens
  • agglutinate foreign cells together causing cells to malfunction and clear easier
35
Q

What type of antibodies would a person with type A+ blood have

A

B

36
Q

What is the problem with blood transfusions that are incompatible

A

Host blood attacks invaders causing them to lyse releasing Hb which can block capillaries and damage/cause kidney failure

37
Q

2 unique qualities about Rh

A
  • individuals without Rh may or may not make antibodies, must be exposed to Rh+ blood
  • Rh can cross placenta
38
Q

What is the drug used to prevent pregnancy problems with a mother with Rh-blood and a baby with Rh+ in first pregnancy and what does it do

A

RhoGAM, coats fetal RBCs that enter mother destroying fetal RBCs preventing sensitization

39
Q

How to calculate Hematocrit and normal levels for men and women

A

(RBC#/total#) x 100
Men: 43-52% RBC
Women: 37-48%

40
Q

Normal Hb levels in M & F

A

M: 14-18 g/DL
F: 12-16 g/DL

41
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic disorder affecting clotting factors

42
Q

Anemia

A

low RBC count/ low hemoglobin leads to low blood O2

43
Q

Leukocytosis

A

too many leukocytes

44
Q

Leukopenia

A

not enough leukocytes

45
Q

Polycythemia

A

High RBC count/high hemocrit

46
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

47
Q

thrombocytosis

A

too many platelets

48
Q

Which stage involves prothrombin and fibrin

A

coagulation

49
Q

Albumin function

A

osmosis, drawing water to blood

BIO-272 Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions