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MIIM2002 - 2 > Healthcare-Assocoated Infections > Flashcards

Healthcare-Assocoated Infections Flashcards

0
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Not normally dangerous

A danger for burn victims

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1
Q

Iatrogenic infection

A

Directly caused by medical intervention

Eg: surgery, inserting catheter, drip

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2
Q

Antibiotic-associated disease

A

Diarrhea - clostridium difficile

Colonization by antimicrobial-resistant microbes

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3
Q

Staph epidermis

A

Not normally dangerous
Dangerous is enters bloodstream,
Attaches to an artificial heart valve
This leads to endocarditis

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4
Q

Why does staph epidermis attach to artificial heart valves?

A

Has an adhesin that can link to plastic

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6
Q

Example of how trauma can lead to infection

A

A car accident victim has fomites from the road embedded in their flesh
Fomites have clostridium perfringens on them
Leads to gas gangrene

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7
Q

Why are patients encouraged to cough and move around after surgery?

A

Anaesthetic inhibits mucocilliary elevator.

Move mucus out of airways

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8
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

An infection acquired in associated with a healthcare environment

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9
Q

Prevalence of nosocomial infections

A

Around 5% of Australians have a nosocomial infection at any one time
In Australia, ~150,000 cases/year, ~7000 deaths/year

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10
Q

Microbes associated with contaminated air-conditioning systems

A

Aspergillus (a type of mould)

Mycobacterium

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with contaminated water systems

A

Pseudomonas
Serratia
Legionella
Mycobacteria

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12
Q

Bacteria associated with contaminated food

A

Campylobacter

Salmonella

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13
Q 
Chain of infection
1) 
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Pathogen
2) Source
3) Transmission
4) Entry
5) Host

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14
Q

Common sources of infection

A

Patients, staff, visitors, fomites

Endogenous flora, infectious pathogens

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15
Q

Methods of transmisison

A

Vehicle transmission - Contaminated food, water, drugs, blood, body fluids

Vector transmission - Mosquitoes, flies, rats, vermin

DIrect transmission - Direct person-person transmission

Indirect transmission - Surgical instruments, needles, blood transfusions, fomites

Airborne transmission

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16
Q

Examples of endogenous pathogens

A

Gram-negative bacteria colonise URT - EG: Klebsiella

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci endogenous to gut

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17
Q

Common viral epidemics in hospitals

A

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Varicella zoster
Influenza

18
Q

Least serious HCAIs

A

Urinary tract infections

19
Q

Most serious HCAIs

A

Surgical wound infections

20
Q

Serious HCAIs

A

Lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, blood infections

21
Q

Bacteria associated with urinary tract HPAIs

A

Gram negative

22
Q

Bacteria associated with surgical wound HPAIs

A

Gram positive

23
Q

Bacteria associated with HPAIs of LRT, skin, blood

A

Both Gram positive and negative

24
Q

Most common HPAIs

A

Urinary tract infections

25
Q

Second most common HPAIs

A

Surgical wound infections

26
Q

Hospital-associated VRE

A

Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium

27
Q

Spore-forming bacterial HCAI

A

Clostridium difficile

28
Q

Features of Clostridium dificile

A

Spore-forming
Anaerobic
Gram-positive rod
Resistant to alcohol hand wash - need to be washed off with soap and water

29
Q

Normal adult carriage rate in gut of Clostridium dificile

A

~3%

30
Q

How does Clostridium dificile colonise the gut?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic treatment disrupts normal gut flora
C. dificile overgrows
Results in a spectrum of conditions from diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis

31
Q

Exotoxins that cause damage in C. dificile infection

A

Toxin A - Enterotoxin - Fluid production and mucosal damage

Toxin B - Cytopathic toxin - Ulceration

32
Q

Symptoms of C. dificile infection

A

Abdominal cramps, watery or bloody diarrhoea

33
Q

Risk factors contributing to C. dificile infection

A

Advanced age, admission to ICU, severe underlying disease, prolonged hospital stay, use of antacids, recent surgery, placement of a naso-gastric tube

34
Q

Features of staphylococcaceae

A

Gram positive cocci
Facultative anareobes
Non-motile
Normal flora of URT, nose, skin, vagina, intestine

35
Q

Pathogenesis of S. aureus

A 
Can multiply and spread rapidly in tissues
Exfoliative toxins
Enterotoxins
Haemolysins
Lipases
Proteases
DNAses
Leukocidins
Protein A
Beta-lactamase
36
Q

Features of S. aureus that facilitate infection

A

Survives well in the environment (drying, etc)
Produces adhesins allowing colonisation
Forms biofilms

37
Q

Important conditions caused by S. aureus

A

Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
Haematogenous spread

38
Q

Main antibiotic used to treat MRSA

A

Vancomycin

39
Q

Features of enterococci

A

Gram positive cocci
Commensal organisms found in the GIT
Survive well in the environment

40
Q

Enterococcal nosocomial infections

A

E. faecalis, E. faecium

41
Q

Enterococcal innate antimicrobial resistances

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides

42
Q

Enterococcal acquired antimicrobial resistances

A

Glycopeptides (EG: Vancomysin) - common

MIIM2002 - 2 (12 decks)

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