Healthcare Flashcards
Define health
WHO
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. Not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities
Where was the health promotion charter formed and when
And what does it state
Ottawa - Ottawa charter for health promotion in 1986
States
Health is a resource for everyday life, not an objective for living
Conditions required: peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equality
What determines health?
What is this model called who determined this model?
Determinents of health rainbow model Dahlgren and whitehead 1) sex, age, constitutional factors 2) lifestyle factors 3) social and community networks 4) living and working conditions - education, water and sanitation, housing, un/employment, work environment, healthcare services, agriculture and food production
Define health systems
WHO: all organisations, people, and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore and maintain health
Good health system delivers quality services to all people, where and when they need them
Not just treating disease but addressing the conditions for health
Key components of a health system
1) improve health status of individuals, families and communities
2) defend population against health threats
3) protect against the financial consequences of ill health
4) provide equitable access to people centred care
5) assist people to participate in decisions affecting their health
Define public health
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society
Individual vs population care
Continuum of care - what is primary prevention
Promoting and maintaining good health
- addressing wider health determinants - poverty, housing, education, employment and environment
- reducing the risk factors for disease and ill health
Continuum of care - secondary prevention
Early detection and treatment of causes of ill health
- screening programmes
- case finding
- care pathways for early diagnosis and treatment
Continuum of care - tertiary prevention
Optimal management of established conditions
- preventing/ limiting disease progression
- rehabilitation/improvement of functioning
- minimising disability
Continuum of care - end of life care
Supper for people approaching death
- planned care
- symptom control
- dignity and choice and control for patient
- Good communication between the patient, family and professionals
What are the changing needs for the Uk population
Increasing in number Increasing in age Increasing life expectancy Increasing prevalence of chronic illness - alcohol consumption - overweight and obesity Increased patient expectation - can treat everything Technological advances
Traditional methods of care
Disease based approach to to healthcare
Separate health and social care
Separate physical and mental health
Gaps in healthcare for the most vulnerable: older adults, long term physical and mental conditions - different places operate for the vulnerable persons different needs so have to be involved with multiple healthcare departments and agency to receive care - confusing and hard work for an elderly person
New integrated care
Patient and community perspective Combine processes across disciplines Integrate: - health and social care - primary, community, secondary and tertiary care - prevention and treatment services - population approach, patient centred care - professional and patient perspectives
New NHS structure
Plurality of healthcare providers: NHS, voluntary and private organisations
Local government and GPs decide
NHS England responsible for performance indicators and improvement:
1) prevent premature death
2) QOL for chronic patients
3) help recovery for ill health or injury
4) ensure positive experiences
5) treat in a safe environment, protect from avoidable harm
Key outcomes:
Increase healthy life expectancy taking account health quality and length of life
Reduce differences in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy between communities through greater improvements in more disadvantaged communities
What is health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
The combination of educational and environmental support for actions and conditions of living conductive to health
Example of health promotion:
Drink driving campaigns, tobacco controls, immunisation programmes, screening programmes water fluoridation
Health promotion can impact on primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
There are 3 approaches to health promotion
1) medical
2) behavioural
3) social-environmental
Medical approach includes
Health problem: disease categories E.g CVD, mental and physiological risk factors
Strategies: surgical and medical therapies
Target: high risk individuals
General approach: individuals
Actors: HCPs
Behavioural
Health problem: behavioural risk factors
Strategies: health education, social marketing, advocacy for public policies
Target: high risk group
General approach: individualised with elements of public policy
Actors: public health, patient groups, government. HCPs
Socio-environmental
Health problem: psychosocial/soci-env risk (poverty)
Strategies: commuiy development and political action
Target: high risk societal conditions
General approach: focused of political/economic policy
Actors: citizens, social organisations, political movements
Target groups in health promotion:
High risk approach: Identify high risk and target intervention here Large benefit to those at risk Little benefit to wider population E.g. CVD screening
Population approach: Target whole population Small changed at individual level Substantial population benefit E.g, north Karelia project on Finland reduce CVD and it worked
