Health, Wellness, And Health Disparities Flashcards
Discuss the concepts of health, wellness, disease, and illness
The definition of health according to your Taylor book is “an infection that was not present on admission to a health care institution and develops during the course of treatment for other conditions (nosocomial).”
And wellness is defined as “an active process in which an individual progresses toward the maximum possible potential, regardless of current state of health.”
So to summarize all of that, health and wellness is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The health of the public is measured globally by:
Morbidity—how frequently a disease occurs
Mortality—number of deaths resulting from a disease
Each person defines health in terms of their own values and beliefs & other aspects like family, culture, community, and society will also influence the perception of that person’s health.
Identify factors affecting health and illness
Physical dimension—genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender
Emotional dimension—how the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions
Intellectual dimension—cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences
Environmental dimension—housing; sanitation; climate; pollution of air, food, and water
Sociocultural dimension—economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture
Spiritual dimension—spiritual beliefs and values
Identify factors affecting health and illness
Modifiable: things a person can change
Nonmodifiable: things that cannot be changed
Six major areas of risk factors:
Age - School-aged children are at high risk for communicable diseases.
After menopause, females are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.
Genetic factors - A family history of cancer or diabetes predisposes a person to developing the disease.
Physiologic factors - Obesity increases the possibility of heart disease.
Health habits - Smoking increases the probability of lung cancer.
Lifestyle - Multiple sexual relationships increase the risk for sexually transmitted infections (e.g., gonorrhea or AIDS). Events that increase stress (e.g., divorce, retirement, work-related pressure) may precipitate accidents or illness.
Environment - Working and living environments (such as those where hazardous materials and poor sanitation are present) may contribute to disease.
Explain the levels of preventive care
*The levels of preventative care are primary, secondary, and tertiary.
-Primary prevention is directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. This can be weight loss, diet, exercise, smoking cessation, etc.
-Secondary focuses on screening for early detection of disease(s) with prompt diagnosis and treatment of anything that arises. This can be BP screening, cholesterol screening, STI screening, mammograms, etc. Tertiary begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, intending to reduce disability and help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. Examples of each are provided. This involves medication, rehabilitation, PT/OT, etc.
Explain the levels of preventive care
Tertiary begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, intending to reduce disability and help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning.
Examples include teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, using physical therapy to prevent contractures in a patient who has had a stroke or spinal cord injury, and referring a woman to a support group after removal of a breast because of cancer
Describe the role of the nurse in promoting health and preventing illness
The health belief model
The health promotion model
The health–illness continuum
The agent–host–environment model
Stages of Change Model
The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)
Concerned with what people perceive to be true about themselves in relation to their health
Modifying factors for health include demographic, sociopsychological, and structural variables
Based on three components of individual perceptions of threat of a disease
Perceived susceptibility to a disease
Perceived seriousness of a disease
Perceived benefits of action
The Health Promotion Model (Murdaugh
Developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health
Incorporates individual characteristics and experiences and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivate health-promoting behavior
Personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural factors are predictive of a certain health-related habit
Health-related behavior is the outcome of the model and is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the lifespan
Revised Health Promotion Model
Three additional variables:
- Activity-related affect
- Commitment to a plan of action
Immediate competing demands and preferences
Behaviors may induce either a positive or a negative subjective response or affect
The Health–Illness Continuum #1
-Conceptualizes a person’s level of health
-Views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite sides of a continuum
-Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of health as a person adapts to changes in internal and external environments to maintain a state of well-being
Agent–Host–Environment Model (Leavell and Clark)
-Views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person
-It is a traditional model that explains how certain factors place some people at risk for an infectious disease
-These three factors are constantly interacting, and a combination of factors may increase the risk of illness
-The use of this model is limited when dealing with noninfectious diseases
Stages of Change Model (Prochaska and DiClemente)
Used by counselors addressing behaviors including injury prevention, addiction, and weight loss
Stages
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Determination: Commitment to Action
Action: Implementing the Plan
