Health psychology Flashcards
What is the health belief model?
That individuals will change if they believe:
- They are susceptible to the condition
- There are serious consequences
- That taking action reduces susceptibility
- That the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs
What factors affect the health belief model?
Demographic variables (e.g. gender, age, culture) Psychological characteristics (e.g. personality, peer pressure)
What are the issues with the health belief model?
That alternative factors may predict health behaviour
It does not consider the influence of emotions on behaviour
Does not differentiate between first time and repeat behaviour
Misses cues to action
What other factors may alter health behaviour which are not included in the HBM?
Outcome expectancy
Self-efficacy
What is outcome expectancy?
That a persons feels they will be healthier as a result of their behaviour
What is self-efficacy?
The persons belief in their ability to carry out preventative behaviour
What is the longest standing models of behaviour change?
Health belief model
Which factor in the health belief model is the most important factor to adress with patients?
Perceived barriers
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Theory that the best predictor of behaviour is intention
What factors determine a persons intention?
Persons attitude to the behaviour
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioural control (their ability to perform it)
What is subjective norm?
Perceived social pressure to undertake the behaviour (must be significant others opinions)
What is perceived behavioural control?
Persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour
Give an example of the theory of planned behaviour:
Attitude: Smoking is bad
Subjective norm: My loved ones want me to stop smoking
Perceived behavioural control: I believe I have the ability to give up
= behavioural intention: I intend to give up smoking
What percentage of people fail to act on their intentions?
47%
What techniques can be used to help people act on their intentions?
Perceived control Anticipated regret Preparatory actions Implementation intentions Relevance to self
What is perceived control?
That if they have been successful before they will be successful again
What are preparatory actions?
Dividing a task into sub-goals to increase self-efficacy and satisfaction
What are implementation intentions?
‘if-then’: translating intention into actual action by specifying time and context
What are the critiques of the planned behaviour model?
There is a lack of direction/ causality
Doesn’t include emotions
Does not explain how attitudes, intentions and perceived behaviours interact
Does not include habits and routines which bypass cognitive deliberation
Relies on self-reported behaviour from questionairea
What is the Transtheoretical model?
That there are 5 stages of change
What are the proposed 5 stages of change?
- Precontemplation: Not ready yet
- Contemplation: Thinking about it
- Preparation: Getting ready
- Action: Doing it
- Maintenance: Sticking with it
How is the stage model different to the other behavioural change models?
It does not automatically assume that all patients are starting at the same point
It accounts for relapse
What are the advantages of the transtheoretical model?
Acknowledges individual stages of readiness
Accounts for relapse
What are the critiques of the transtheoretical model?
People may miss stages/ not go in discrete stages
Doesn’t take other factors into account (e.g. emotions, values ect)
What other factors are not considered in the behaviour change models?
Impact of personality traits Assessment of risk perception Impact of past behaviour/ habit Automatic influences Predictors of maintenance Social environment
What are the two different types of malnutrition?
Undernutrition and Overweight/ obesity & diet-related non-communicable diseases
Which 4 things does undernutrition cause?
Stunting
Wasting
Underweight
Micronutrient deficiencies
What is stunting?
Low height for age
What is wasting?
Low weight for height
What is sarcopenic obesity?
Class of obesity in older adults in which low skeletal muscle mass is coupled with high levels of adiposity
