3A notes Flashcards
What is the inverse care law?
The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it within a population
What is incidence?
The number of new cases per unit of time
What is incidence expressed as?
Percentage or per a certain amount of people (e.g. per 1000)
What is prevalence?
The number of existing cases at a particular point in time
How can prevelance be expressed?
As a percentage or per e.g. 10,000
What is the ‘sick role’?
Being ill allows legitimate deviance from social obligation including exempt from social expectations (e.g. work), and blame for being sick
What is latrogenesis?
The unintended adverse effects of a therapeutic intervention
What are the different models for changing health behaviours?
Health belief model
Stages of change model
ect
What is the health belief model?
Patients perceived susceptibility, the perceivved barriers, benefits and self efficacy are all influences on changing behaviours
What are the different stages in the stages of change model?
Pre-contemplation–> Contemplation–> Preparing to change–> Action–> Maintenance–> Stable changed lifestyle/ relapse
What is the nudge theory?
When you change the environment to make the healthy option the easiest option
What is the sensitivity of a test?
The probability of a person with the disease obtaining a positive test result
How do you work out sensitivity?
True positives divided by total number of people with the disease
What is the specificity of a test?
Probability of a person without the disease testing negative
How is specificity calculated?
True negative results divided by total number of people with the disease who are screened
What is the positive predictive value?
The proportion of people with a positive test results who actually have the disease
What is the negative predictive value?
The proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the screening test
What happens to the positive predictive value as the prevelance increases?
It will increase
What criteria must be filled in order to create a screening test?
- Important issue
- Acceptable treatment
- Facilities available to diagnosis and treatment
- Recognised latent or early stage
- Natural history of disease known
- Suitable test
- Test acceptable to population
- Agreed policy on who to treat
- Cost of findings economically balanced to overall expenditure
What are the arguments for screening?
Prevent suffering
Early identification beneficial
Early treatment cheaper
High patient satisfaction
What are the arguments against screening?
Damage of false positives/ negatives
Adverse effects of screening tool on healthy people
Personal choice compromised
What is primary prevention?
Prevents the disease becoming established
What are some examples of primary prevention?
Immunisations
Reduce risks (e.g. lose weight)
What is secondary prevention?
Detect early disease to slow down or stop its progress
