Health Psy Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
How is posttraumatic stress disorder related to immune system functioning?
A
It directly produces long-lasting suppression of the immune system and an increase in proinflammatory cytokines.
2
Q
What are the chemicals that transmit communications among brain cells called?
A
Neurotransmitters
3
Q
When a student gets the flu, which reason they give would indicate an external locus of control?
A
“I got the flu because my neighbor gave it to me.”
4
Q
Which type of pain syndrome is the most common in human beings?
A
Low back pain
5
Q
What is the most accurate appraisal of the research literature on the relationship between stress and depression?
A
Stress may interact with pre-existing vulnerabilities or may create a vulnerability to depression.
6
Q
Which of the following is a component of traditional Chinese medicine but not of Ayurvedic medicine?
a. The concept of vital energy in health
b. The full theory and practice of
health
c. The targeting of meridians for health
d. The goal of harmony for good health
A
c. The targeting of meridians for health
7
Q
Which of the following constitutes a disadvantage of using physiological assessments to measure stress?
a. Their administration mechanisms can confound the results.
b. Their administration makes it difficult to quantify the results.
c. Their administration is indirect, yielding less relevant results.
d. Their administrations are unreliable, getting varying results.
A
a. Their administration mechanisms can confound the results.
8
Q
Reiko is a first-generation Japanese-American whose parents immigrated here before her birth. During her infancy, government officials uprooted her family and placed them in an internment camp for some time. Now in her 80s, Reiko is 5’2”, weighs 100 pounds, as she has throughout her adult life, perceives very little stress in her current life, and is diabetic. Based on this information, Reiko is most likely _____.
a. to be either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetic
b. to adhere poorly to managing glucose
c. to have a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes
d. to be diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes
A
c. to have a diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes
9
Q
Which of the following is accurate regarding fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis?
a. Osteoarthritis is an autoimmune condition.
b. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with age.
c. All three of the above are more common in women.
d. Fibromyalgia is a particular type of arthritis.
A
c. All three of the above are more common in women.
10
Q
Which statement most accurately describes what researchers have found in recent decades?
a. Internal states and external actions can affect the immune system.
b. The immune system and thoughts or behaviors interact reciprocally.
c. The immune system does not interact with thoughts or behaviors.
d. The immune system can affect internal states and external actions.
A
b. The immune system and thoughts or behaviors interact reciprocally.
11
Q
It is possible to draw an analogy between how people’s immune systems react in the case of allergies and how people develop disease in the case of the diathesis-stress model. Which choice correctly describes the basis of such an analogy?
a. In both cases, people react abnormally to things that are not usually disease-inducing.
b. In both cases, people react differently as their vulnerability varies over time.
c. In both cases, people react only to the most severe and dangerous environmental stressors.
d. In both cases, people react because environmental stressors are consistent.
A
a. In both cases, people react abnormally to things that are not usually disease-inducing.
12
Q
With which patient group are behavioral observations most indicated for measuring pain, and why?
a. Patients with autism who are nonverbal, because all self-reports are verbal
b. Patients who are infants, because they have not developed pain-related behaviors
c. Patients with dementia, because they may not be able to describe the pain
d. Patients who are deaf and can sign, because they cannot make self-reports
A
c. Patients with dementia, because they may not be able to describe the pain
13
Q
Which of the following have researchers found from testing various stress inventories?
a. The SRRS and Hassles Scales correlate slightly, suggesting that serious life events and daily hassles cause different kinds of stress.
b. The SRRS and Hassles Scales correlate highly, suggesting that serious life events and daily hassles cause the same kinds of stress.
c. The SRRS more accurately predicts psychological health, while the Hassles Scales more accurately predict physical health.
d. The SRRS more accurately predicts physical health, while the Hassles Scales more accurately predict psychological health.
A
a. The SRRS and Hassles Scales correlate slightly, suggesting that serious life events and daily hassles cause different kinds of stress.
14
Q
Taylor et al. have argued that the traditional idea of the stress response is biased toward men and that women’s responses are more accurately labeled as _____.
A
tend-and-befriend
15
Q
For managing stress, what is true about emotional disclosure and social support?
A
Both of these are more effective for people experiencing more stress than those experiencing less.
16
Q
In which part of the immune system do white blood cells mature, get disposed of when worn out, and get stored until needed?
A
The spleen
17
Q
A man may feel arm pain and a woman may feel jaw or neck pain when having a heart attack. Patients often feel shoulder pain following a liver biopsy. Why do these examples of referred pain happen?
A
Intense stimulation can spread from pathways for organs to those for senses in the skin.
18
Q
To establish a connection between stress and disease, psychoneuroimmunology research must include _____.
A
stress, immune system problems, and the development of disease
19
Q
Which of the following is true about low back pain?
a. People are no more likely to experience it as they age than when young.
b. Approximately one half of pregnant women experience low back pain.
c. The majority of patients with it do not have a definite physical cause identified.
d. As many Americans have it at some point as those who have headaches.
A
c. The majority of patients with it do not have a definite physical cause identified.
20
Q
For which of the following patients would opiate analgesics be most appropriate to manage pain?
a. Patient B, who is diagnosed with terminal cancer
b. Patient A, who suffers from chronic low back pain
c. Patients B and C would benefit, but not Patient A
d. Patient C, who is recovering from painful surgery
A
c. Patients B and C would benefit, but not Patient A
21
Q
Teresa and Carlos have both been diagnosed with serious chronic illness. Teresa ruminates obsessively over past mistakes she made and whether they contributed to her getting sick; Carlos agonizes with worry about what will happen to him and his family in the future. A friend recommends mindfulness meditation to them both. Based on the research, how will this intervention likely affect them?
A
It is more likely to help Teresa and Carlos both with the physical and the psychological problems.
22
Q
The human nervous system has two major divisions: _____.
A
The central and peripheral nervous systems
23
Q
Chiropractic was opposed by the medical establishment in recent history, but has since been gaining _____.
a. acceptance in the military
b. acceptance by insurance
c. acceptance in sport medicine
d. acceptance by all three
A
d. acceptance by all three
24
Q
Mai gets regular treatments designed to clear waste products from her body, strengthen her immunity, and regulate her nervous system. In traditional Chinese medicine, what is this procedure?
A
Tui na
25
Opal, who is an optimist, and Peter, who is a pessimist, have both been diagnosed with cancer. Based on research findings, which is most likely?
a. Peter is more likely to respond by utilizing problem-focused coping strategies.
b. Opal is more likely than Peter to adjust her coping strategies for this situation.
c. Opal is more likely to respond by utilizing emotion-focused coping strategies.
d. Peter and Opal are both likely to adjust equally well to the stress of being sick.
b. Opal is more likely than Peter to adjust her coping strategies for this situation.
26
What have researchers found about the significance of various factors in motivating people to seek alternative medical treatment?
Strong beliefs in the roles of attitude and emotion in determining health is an important predictor of seeking alternative care.
27
Olive has rose fever, an allergy that causes her to sneeze every time she is near roses or related flowers. Olive's niece Gigi has autoimmune liver disease, which causes liver damage. What do these conditions have in common?
They both involve abnormal reactions of the immune system.
28
Gianni has a history of depressive episodes. He is not currently depressed, but he is concerned about another relapse and seeks a way to prevent it. Multiple studies have shown which CAM practice can accomplish this?
Mindfulness-based meditation, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and Mindfulness-based stress reduction
29
Two adults have diseases involving their immune systems. Imani has bronchial asthma, and DeWayne has rheumatoid arthritis. Which disease may be exacerbated by stress?
Both of these diseases
30
Among psychological interventions for managing stress, the most effective is _____.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
31
Richa had root canal surgery last year, which removed the nerve from her affected tooth, yet she still feels sensations of tenderness in that tooth. What is most correct about this?
a. This is an example of phantom limb pain, which is not limited to just limbs.
b. This does not qualify as phantom limb pain, as it does not involve any limb.
c. This is an example of referred pain, since nerves in other teeth are so close.
d. This cannot qualify as phantom limb pain, according to neuromatrix theory.
a. This is an example of phantom limb pain, which is not limited to just limbs.
32
If you touch something hot with your hand and you perceive the heat, which kinds of nerve cells sent the signal to your brain?
Afferent Neurons
33
Lulu and her boyfriend break up; she views this as a stressful event. Lulu considers what choices she has to address this stress, whether she can succeed in using them, and whether they will reduce her stress. Lulu then realizes the breakup will enable her to meet and date new men; Lazarus would define this action as _______.
reappraisal
34
In Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which of the following is exclusively associated with the resistance stage?
a. The individual undergoes changes in the activity of body systems.
b. The individual's sympathetic nervous system becomes activated.
c. The individual's parasympathetic nervous system gets activated.
d. The individual undergoes a process of adaptation to the stressor.
d. The individual undergoes a process of adaptation to the stressor.
35
Studies show that shortening of the chromosomal telomeres is an indicator of cellular aging. Another study found that healthy mothers reporting the highest stress levels had shorter telomeres than those with the lowest stress levels, with a difference equivalent to 10 years of normal aging. While scientists have not yet connected this with disease-specific vulnerability, with what might we reasonably associate it now?
Premature aging owing to stress
36
Which of the following most accurately describes the basic assumption of the diathesis-stress model?
a. Someone temporarily vulnerable to disease will be sick.
b. Someone with a predisposition to a disease will get sick.
c. Someone with a predisposition plus stress will get sick.
d. Someone who experiences sufficient stress will get sick.
c. Someone with a predisposition plus stress will get sick.
37
In a specific immune system response, which type of cells directly attack invading microorganisms?
a. macrophages
b. T-cells
c. B-cells
d. granulocytes
b. T-cells
38
John J. Bonica (1990), a pioneer in pain research, proposed that acute pain could become _____.
chronic when pain behaviors were reinforced
39
The process that occurs in the bloodstream by which B-cells recognize antigens and produce antibodies to fight them is called _____.
humoral immunity
40
How is stress related to diabetes?
It is related to both the development and management of diabetes.
41
Meta-analyses of research on stress and immunity show that the most widespread damage to the immune system is caused by stress that is the _____.
Most chronic
42
A systematic review of the research literature has identified that transcendental meditation is effective for treating which of the following?
a. Anxiety disorders
b. Anxiety, stress, and depression
c. Anxiety and depression
d. Anxiety and stress
a. Anxiety disorders
43
Suppose that, while hammering nails, you accidentally smash your thumb. The pain you feel originates in your _____.
Peripheral Nervouse system
44
Among self-report measures of pain, which aspect of pain do standardized psychological tests like the MMPI and the Symptom Checklist-90 assess that rating scales and questionnaires like the MPQ and MPI do not?
The falsifying of a person's pain
45
In a cataclysmic event such as the COVID-19 pandemic, _____.
many people experience a number of stressful life events
46
The autonomic nervous system serves mainly _____.
the body's internal organs
47
Which three elements does Ayurvedic medicine consider essential, reflective of all relationships, and necessary to balance and integrate for good health?
The body, the mind, and the spirit
48
Research suggests that ethnic differences in the prevalence of chronic pain are generally _____.
small and inconsistent
49
According to the stress theory of Lazarus, what is true about coping with stressors?
a. Coping is an automatically generated pattern of responding to stressors.
b. Coping requires complete awareness and success of the coping response.
c. Coping is a process, constantly evolving according to outcome evaluation.
d. Coping requires control and mastery, not just management of a situation.
c. Coping is a process, constantly evolving according to outcome evaluation.
50
As a toddler, Colleen did not seem to be bothered when she fell or bumped herself and as a child, Colleen walked through a barbed-wire fence, badly cutting her leg, but did not notice any pain. Since then, she has had several serious injuries that she did not notice because she did not feel pain. What is this condition called?
Congenital insensitivity
51
Which of the following treatments is used in Ayurvedic medicine but not traditional Chinese medicine?
a. Yoga
b. Massage
c. Diet
d. Herbs
a. Yoga
52
Sofia has suffered with chronic back pain for years. She is wondering if surgery might be a solution. To inform herself better, she reads about recent research findings, and concludes that surgery would be _____.
unreliable
53
Perry took a natural product and reported that it improved the quality of his sleep. Which of the following supplements did he most likely take?
a. Echinacea
b. Omega-3s
c. Chondroitin
d. Melatonin
d. Melatonin
54
With patients who cannot give self-reports, what kinds of measurements do clinicians and researchers use more often as comparably valid and reliable?
Observation of pain behaviors
55
Patients with which type of cancer experience relatively less pain than the others?
Patients with luekemia
56
Your friend is learning a mind–body technique and tells you that one of its key assumptions is that the mind can focus on only one thing at a time. Which of the following two mind–body techniques both include this?
a. Guided imagery and hypnosis
b. Mindfulness meditation and biofeedback
c. Meditation and yoga
d. Transcendental meditation and guided imagery
d. Transcendental meditation and guided imagery
57
Maria has breast cancer and is undergoing chemotherapy to treat it. Interventions she can participate in that were designed to improve immune function include hypnotherapy, relaxation training, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for stress management. Based on research results, what is most accurate about these?
CBT can make small immune improvements; even these may benefit chemotherapy patients.
58
Which of the following describes the major criticism of Selye's theory of stress?
a. It considers the stress response to be variable according to varying events.
b. It does not account for people's emotions and interpretations of stressors.
c. It emphasizes environmental stimuli, informing life events scale measures.
d. It emphasizes processes of change and adaptation, not narrow regulation.
b. It does not account for people's emotions and interpretations of stressors.
59
Suppose you have a friend who is taking an antidepressant medication. This friend does not intend to stop taking the medication, but is interested in a complementary treatment. While you are not a practitioner who can give medical advice, you can inform the friend of research findings. Which CAM treatment can you tell your friend is most appropriate to the situation?
a. Acupuncture
b. St. John's Wort
c. Practicing yoga
d. Any/all of these
c. Practicing yoga
60
The American Heart Association and American Cancer Society have both made recommendations concerning eating meat. Which of the following do you think these recommendations must include?
a. Eating more meat to prevent iron-deficiency anemia
b. Eating less meat to prevent heart disease and cancer
c. Eating more meat to prevent deficiencies in protein
d. Eating less meat to avoid calcium deficiencies
b. Eating less meat to prevent heart disease and cancer
61
Research studies have found that people's health was more affected by their subjective experiences of environmental noise than by actual noise levels. These findings support which theory of stress more?
Lazarus's
62
Which diet is the least restrictive and thus the easiest to follow?
DASH
63
You have just made a new acquaintance who reports regularly using CAM. Based on research findings, this person is more likely _____.
a. to have unresponsive, chronic conditions
b. to have declining health over the past year
c. to have never had any experience of pain
d. to have never received cancer treatment
a. to have unresponsive, chronic conditions
64
A physician thought Nadiya might need an immunosuppressive drug to manage her alternating constipation and diarrhea, but she favored a more natural approach and found her symptoms abated when she regularly took _____.
Probiotics
65
The immune system is _____.
(in relation to the lymphatic system)
the same system as the lymphatic system
66
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys _____.
both T-cells immune system macrophages
67
Among sources of stress, which would be most distinguished by the significance of change that requires personal adaptation or readjustment?
a. Experiencing victimization by a violent crime
b. Learning about a nearby terrorist attack
c. Working in a crowded office
d. Having a neighbor who is annoying
a. Experiencing victimization by a violent crime
68
Which of the following types of alternative medicine do Americans use most often?
a. Eating functional foods
b. Taking some probiotics
c. Having a balanced diet
d. Supplementing the diet
d. Supplementing the diet
69
Which of these non-narcotic analgesics is not an NSAID but is an effective painkiller?
a. Naproxen sodium
b. Ibuprofen
c. Aspirin
d. Acetaminophen
d. Acetaminophen
70
One of the few longitudinal psychoneuroimmunology studies to examine stress, immune function, and disease in humans (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991) found that caregivers of spouses with dementia experienced _____.
a. poorer immune system functioning but no more incidences of illness
b. poorer immune system functioning and more frequent infectious illnesses
c. more infectious illness incidences but no immune function problems
d. more infectious illness incidences regardless of social support levels
b. poorer immune system functioning and more frequent infectious illnesses
71
Which manipulative technique focuses on the soft tissues?
Massage
72
What treatment gave T. R. Reid relief from his shoulder pain?
Treatment involving Ayurvedic medicine
73
On which body parts does chiropractic treatment concentrate?
The spine and the joints
74
Marcus grew up in a family where people commonly complained of one pain or another and, as a result, were pampered for a while. Now, as an adult, Marcus seems to complain of more aches and pains than do his friends and colleagues. What process might have led Marcus to be more likely to report pain?
Social Learning
75
Which of the following is accurate about the traditional Chinese concepts of yin and yang?
a. Yin and yang are opposing forces that work against each other.
b. Yin and yang are opposing forces that always operate together.
c. Yin represents energy that is hot, active, and rapid in its nature.
d. Yang describes energy that is cold, passive, and slow in nature.
b. Yin and yang are opposing forces that always operate together.
76
C. A. Strong (1895) was first to propose which of the following about pain?
a. Psychological factors were more important than physical factors in pain.
b. Psychological and physiological factors had an equal importance in pain.
c. Physical factors and psychological factors caused different kinds of pain.
d. Physical factors were more important than psychological factors in pain.
b. Psychological and physiological factors had an equal importance in pain.
77
People who practice certain forms of yoga and meditation learn to observe their breathing, concentrate on the present rather than the past or future, and acknowledge their thoughts without judging them. These practices have the most in common with which type of behavioral therapy that is used for pain management?
Midfulness
78
While people associate headaches with hassles more than with traumatic life events, studies have found that more frequent headaches were associated with _______.
neither daily hassles nor trauma
79
Abdul is a recent immigrant to the United States who is driving a cab for a living. Although stress can affect his immune system in various ways, which one is most prominently associated with his occupation?
a. Stress leads to engaging in behaviors that can impair the immune system.
b. Stress leads the brain to communicate with immune system glands/organs.
c. Stress leads the neuroendocrine system to secrete several stress hormones.
d. Stress leads none of these processes to take place any more than the others.
a. Stress leads to engaging in behaviors that can impair the immune system.
80
A stage of pain that is considered critical because it represents a turning point that can determine future pain is the stage of _______.
prechronic pain
81
Rosario used to get great emotional support from her mother whenever she felt particularly stressed. Since her mother's death, Rosario feels less able to cope with prenatal stress in her current pregnancy than she did in her earlier ones. Which self-reporting stress measure that she takes will explicitly assess this component of stress?
a. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
b. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
c. The Life Events Scale for Students (LESS)
d. All of these scales measure this component
a. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
82
Which of the following is practiced in transcendental meditation but not in mindfulness meditation?
a. Sitting in a relaxed posture
b. Ignoring certain thoughts
c. Focusing on the breathing
d. The focusing of attention
b. Ignoring certain thoughts
83
A large-scale epidemiological survey study of more than 30,000 Americans (Moak & Agrawal, 2010) tested the stress-buffering hypothesis. What did the researchers find?
The hypothesis was disproved for adults feeling little life stress, supported for those feeling a lot of it.
84
On 9/11/2001, Liesel was working in one of the World Trade Center towers in New York City and, while many of her coworkers dies, Liesel narrowly escaped. Her sister Magda lived in California at the time and was undergoing a difficult divorce. Which sister was likely to experience more stress?
Both, as each event changed each life more than faraway events affecting others.
85
Among theories of pain, which of the following finds pain commensurate with tissue damage or injury rather than relative to both physiological and psychological influences?
a. Henry Beecher's theory
b. C. A. Strong's theory
c. Specificity theory
d. Gate control theory
c. Specificity theory
86
A pulmonologist (lung specialist) tells you that, among men, the death rate from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has declined. To what might you best attribute this decline?
Many men have quit smoking in recent years
87
The average baby born in America today can be expected to live how much longer than the average baby born in America around 1901?
Three Decades
88
In the theory of planned behavior, which of the following factors most immediately determines behavior and is most influenced by the other factors?
a. A person's attitude toward a certain behavior
b. A person's intention about a certain behavior
c. A person's sense of control over the behavior
d. A person's subjective norm about a behavior
b. A person's intention about a certain behavior
89
Who among the following has a disease that has become more common in the United States since the late 1900s?
a. Adrian, who has gastroenteritis from some food.
b. Lula, whose doctor tells her she has pneumonia.
c. Hiram, who was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
d. Helen, who develops type 2 diabetes in her 50s.
d. Helen, who develops type 2 diabetes in her 50s.
90
A set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate research is called a _____.
Theory
91
The association between income level and health _____.
exists throughout the range of incomes, even at higher levels of income
92
Sammy, who smokes cigarettes, reads that his risk of dying from lung cancer in any given year is around one-tenth of 1%, and concludes he need not quit smoking. He has not read that his risk of developing lung cancer in his lifetime is:
around 150 times higher than his risk of dying from lung cancer in any single year.
93
Regarding the controversy over MMR vaccine and autism symptoms, what describes research findings between 1998 and 2002 most accurately?
a. The great majority of studies had found some kind of connection.
b. No research, valid or otherwise, ever proposed a connection.
c. Only some large-scale studies found evidence of any connection.
d. Only a small, flawed study, later retracted, found any connection
d. Only a small, flawed study, later retracted, found any connection
94
Research suggests that who among the following would have the greatest difficulty with adherence?
a. Someone with depression but with no chronic illnesses
b. Someone with depression who also has a chronic illness
c. Someone with anxiety who also has a chronic illness
d. Someone with anxiety but with no chronic physical illnesses
b. Someone with depression who also has a chronic illness
95
To estimate a population's rate of a certain disease, epidemiologists use observational methods that can show ____
Correlation but not causation
96
An epidemiological researcher studies people who are not sick at the start of the study to see whether their physical activity levels are related to developing a chronic disease later. This study is best described as _____.
Prospective and Longitudal
97
With the types of illnesses people commonly got a century ago in the United States, what were the two most typical outcomes?
People either died quickly or recovered quickly
98
Leventhal and colleagues' multiple studies (1989–2005) on how illness behavior is influenced by the identity of the disease determined that most people are more likely to _____.
a. ignore added symptoms not consistent with minor diagnoses
b. pick the most serious diagnosis that matches their symptoms
c. report inconsistent symptoms after diagnosis with a disease
d. choose the least serious diagnosis for their symptoms at first
d. choose the least serious diagnosis for their symptoms at first
99
Some college students volunteer for an experimental research study. Students in Group A are asked to eat their usual diets. Students in Group B are asked to follow a USDA-approved healthy diet. Students in Group C are asked to eat a junk food diet. The researchers collect data on how many students in each group get sick during a specified time period while eating these diets. What is the dependent variable?
Whether students got sick
100
What is an accurate statement about correlational studies?
a. They are one type of descriptive research design.
b. They are unable to predict health-related factors.
c. They are able to demonstrate causal relationships.
d. They are one type of qualitative research design.
a. They are one type of descriptive research design.
101
A major change in American health is that 100 years ago, death was caused most often by _____.
Bacterial illnesses
102
Health psychology seeks to identify mechanisms whereby various factors influence disease and physical health. Which of these factors directly affect physiological outcomes?
a. Sociological factors
b. All three of these factors
c. Psychological factors
d. Biological factors
d. Biological factors
103
What proportion of American adults today are living with chronic diseases?
Nearly one-half
104
Over the past five decades, epidemiological researchers have established causal connections between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, heart disease, and some other diseases in people through multiple _________.
a. experimental studies
b. observational studies
c. double-blind studies
d. randomized studies
b. observational studies
105
Which of these is the best definition of the intention–behavior gap?
a. The gap in time between forming an intention and turning it into behavior
b. The idea that intention is thinking and behavior is doing, so there is no connection
c. The fact that people may engage in behaviors without any intentions to do so
d. The gap between people's intentions of doing things and actually doing them
d. The gap between people's intentions of doing things and actually doing them
106
How do public health researchers use records of increased Internet searches about specific disease symptoms?
They identify outbreaks in real time
107
Which characteristic of autism spectrum disorders contributes to the willingness of some parents to believe that routine immunizations cause autism?
a. The causes of autism remain unknown.
b. Autism is more commonly diagnosed in boys than girls.
c. Autism tends to run in families.
d. The treatments for autism are often intensive.
a. The causes of autism remain unknown.
108
Older Japanese patients tend to adhere to medical orders and advice better than comparable older American or European patients. In addition to the nature of their health care system, this adherence is attributed primarily to the _____.
cultural norms and beliefs they have
109
Challenges encountered by health psychologists in constructing valid models to explain, predict, and address health-related behaviors include which of these?
a. People's obstacles to seeking health care vary demographically.
b. People's health behaviors mostly comprise conscious decisions.
c. People's health behaviors are unaffected by public health laws.
d. People's perceptions and beliefs mainly drive health behaviors.
a. People's obstacles to seeking health care vary demographically.
110
When researchers randomly assign participants to a workplace wellness program or a no-treatment control condition,
a. there is no difference in the outcomes between the two groups.
b. participants in the control group have modestly better outcomes than participants in the wellness program.
c. participants in the wellness program have somewhat better outcomes than those in the control condition.
d. participants in the wellness program have much better outcomes than those in the control condition.
a. there is no difference in the outcomes between the two groups.
111
Dr. Douglass, an eminent psychologist who recently retired, provided counseling, conducted research, and taught classes during his career. Five decades ago, he was in the vanguard of psychology's expansion into the medical field. What did he most likely do at that time?
Teach in a medical school
112
How do female physicians differ in general from male physicians?
Patients feel female physicians are their partners in health care.
113
When describing what she thought were sinus headaches, college student Peng told her roommate that during her headaches she felt weak and nauseated and found light and noise to be terribly painful. Her roommate told her those symptoms were not associated with sinus pain, but rather with migraines. Peng then went to the campus clinic, where a physician diagnosed her headaches as migraines and prescribed treatment that significantly reduced the frequency of the episodes. At which point in this scenario did Peng exhibit sick role behavior?
When she took prescribed treatment for symptoms
114
In the United States, the leading cause of death for individuals between 1 and 24 years of age is _____.
unintentional injury
115
The emergence of COVID-19 caused people to _____.
worry more about symptoms like fevers that they might have ignored before
116
Dr. Sylvus spends part of the time administering psychological assessments, and the rest doing therapy with patients who have chronic illnesses. Dr. Abed designs and administers behavior modification programs to help patients manage chronic pain. Dr. Alvarez teaches people behaviors to promote health and prevent illness. Dr. Paulson delivers behavioral training to help patients follow their treatment protocols. Which of these people is most likely to work in a medical facility?
Dr Sylvus
117
What did Bruce Moseley discover in his experimental study on arthroscopic knee surgery vs. placebo?
Arthroscopic knee surgery provided no actual benefits other than a placebo effect.
118
Researchers compared a group of 30-year-old adults to a group of 60-year-old adults and found higher cancer rates in the older group. This study is best described as _____.
Cross-sectional
119
Suppose that people who drink coffee are compared to those who do not. The coffee-drinking group has a relative risk of 1.25 for a health outcome. This means that the coffee drinkers are _____.
a. 1.25% more likely than those who do not drink coffee to experience the health outcome
b. 25% more likely than those who do not drink coffee to experience the health outcome
c. 25 times more likely than those who do not drink coffee to experience the health outcome
d. 125 times more likely than those who do not drink coffee to experience the health outcome
b. 25% more likely than those who do not drink coffee to experience the health outcome
120
What is the primary reason Lance Armstrong's story is presented to introduce this chapter?
He is an example of how many patients may delay seeking care.
121
Hospital patient care today includes more technology than before. What is most true about this?
a. Technology now frees hospital staff to give more personalized care.
b. Technology has streamlined hospitalization to make it less stressful.
c. Technology has reduced the numbers of medical errors in hospitals.
d. Technology has the potential to be used for averting medical errors.
d. Technology has the potential to be used for averting medical errors.
122
What best describes how psychology relates to health care today?
a. Psychology is less relevant than ever since infectious diseases were mostly eliminated.
b. Psychology is less relevant than ever because chronic diseases have biological causes.
c. Psychology is equally as relevant as ever since the medical field has always accepted it.
d. Psychology is more relevant than ever since behavior is significant in chronic diseases.
d. Psychology is more relevant than ever since behavior is significant in chronic diseases.
123
Which of the following best describes health psychologists today in terms of their orientation and training?
a. They do not work in medical settings during their training.
b. They may pursue additional training in medical specialties.
c. They rarely, if ever, pursue training beyond doctoral levels.
d. They specialize in health first, being psychologists second.
b. They may pursue additional training in medical specialties.
124
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of psychosomatic illnesses?
a. They are psychological illnesses with no physical symptoms.
b. They are emotional illnesses with physiological causes.
c. They are imaginary illnesses that exist solely in the mind.
d. They are physical disorders that can be affected by psychological factors.
d. They are physical disorders that can be affected by psychological factors.
125
Which method(s) is/are the most useful for measuring patient adherence to medical instructions?
a. Using a combination of these strategies
b. Asking the doctor, the patient, or others
c. Monitoring patient usage of medication
d. Examining biochemical patient evidence
a. Using a combination of these strategies
126
Miriam and her cousin Milton were both elderly when Milton told Miriam his recent blood work revealed a high calcium count, and his physician recommended surgery to remove his parathyroid gland. Miriam told Milton she, too, had received test results with high calcium; her doctor had made the same recommendation, but she had refused, believing it unnecessary. Milton, however, decided to have the surgery, and neither cousin suffered any ill effects from their treatment choices. Regarding the lay referral network, what does this narrative exemplify?
Using the lay referral network to determine one's perception of symptoms
127
Codeine and similar opiates/opioids notoriously cause nausea and vomiting in many patients. A doctor gives codeine to one patient, and an inert substance that was not known to cause nausea and vomiting to another patient. Both patients then experience nausea and vomiting. What is most likely?
a. Both of these patients probably had these symptoms as a result of the nocebo effect.
b. Both of these patients probably had these symptoms as a result of drug side effects.
c. Codeine likely caused side effects; the inert substance likely caused a nocebo effect.
d. The inert substance likely caused side effects; codeine likely caused a nocebo effect
c. Codeine likely caused side effects; the inert substance likely caused a nocebo effect.
128
Research finds that people are most likely to seek medical care because of which of the following?
a. Symptom seriousness
b. Symptom duration
c. Symptom anxiety
d. Symptom frequency
c. Symptom anxiety
129
What is the most accurate definition of an optimistic bias related to adherence?
a. A patient believes they will prevent illness by adhering to medical directions.
b. A patient believes they will never get sick, and adherence will not be an issue.
c. A patient believes they will not suffer any consequences from nonadherence.
d. A patient believes they will heal all disease by adhering to medical directions.
c. A patient believes they will not suffer any consequences from nonadherence.
130
Caryn has experienced significant headaches secondary to a medical condition. She is very adherent to her prescribed treatment because she finds her medication really relieves and even prevents the pain. According to behavioral theory, this demonstrates:
Negative Reinforcement
131
The relationship between scientific theories and scientific observations is most accurately described as _____
Reciprocal
132
When people notice symptoms affecting their health, which sources are they equally likely to consult first?
A lay referrel network and the internet
133
Some parents have observed symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in their children around the same time period when the children received immunizations for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). This best illustrates _____.
correlation
134
Graduated regimen implementation involves a behavioral technique called shaping that reinforces (rewards) successive approximations toward a behavioral goal. For which of the following would this be the most suitable strategy?
a. Combining regular physical activity and superior nutrition
b. Ending a dangerous behavior like unsafe sex
c. Adhering to the dosing directions for taking a medication
d. This would be an equally suitable strategy for all of these.
a. Combining regular physical activity and superior nutrition
135
Theo, a long-time smoker, developed laryngeal cancer in middle age. He had a laryngectomy (removal of the larynx or voice box) and had to learn esophageal speech (a kind of "controlled burping" that creates vibrations with air in the esophagus instead of in the larynx) to speak again. Yet even after all that, he continues to smoke. Asked why, he responds that he simply loves smoking. According to the health belief model, which belief is most influencing his behavior?
a. Perceived barriers to health-enhancing behaviors
b. Perceived severity of disease related to behaviors
c. Perceived susceptibility to disease from behaviors
d. Perceived benefits of health-enhancing behaviors
a. Perceived barriers to health-enhancing behaviors
136
What have multiple researchers found about how dosing differences affect patient rates of adherence to medication schedules?
Patients have much more trouble taking pills they must cut in half.
137
Researchers have found which personality trait to be associated with higher rates of self-reports of illness whether or not objective evidence confirmed their reports?
Neuroticism
138
Which of the following is true about meta-analyses?
a. They can resolve contradictions among studies by statistically estimating the overall effect size.
b. They can demonstrate statistical significance, but cannot inform decisions to change behaviors.
c. They can evaluate multiple studies on the same topic only if all used the same research methods.
d. They can analyze large numbers of studies over long time periods, but cannot synthesize them.
a. They can resolve contradictions among studies by statistically estimating the overall effect size.
139
What was the prevalent attitude of Americans a century ago if they caught infectious diseases?
They felt little responsibilty because those diseases could not be controlled
140
James has recently received a diagnosis of illness. According to Alexander Segall's conceptualization of the rights and responsibilities associated with the sick role, which of the following is a responsibility that James now has?
a. Becoming dependent on others for assistance
b. Utilizing a variety of resources for health care
c. Being excused from performing typical duties
d. Making decisions about health-related issues
b. Utilizing a variety of resources for health care
141
When can administering a placebo to some research participants best be defended as ethical?
When participants know they may receive a placebo and still agree to participate
142
The concept that psychological factors can lead to physiological health symptoms dates back to _____.
ancient greeks
143
Why would you expect a behavioral strategy to improve patient medical adherence more than an educational one?
Many patients have an intention-behavior gap
144
The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines help prevent the skewing of clinical trial data by requiring that researchers register their clinical trials _____.
before they begin conducting their studies
145
The majority of research evidence indicates that nonadherence is _____.
a situation-specific behavior
146
You are looking for valid and reliable health information that you can find online. Which of the following web sources is likely to be LESS credible or accurate than the others?
a. The Centers for Disease Control site, cdc.gov
b. The famous free encyclopedia, Wikipedia.org
c. The National Institutes of Health site, nih.gov
d. The Center for Advancing Health site, cfah.org
b. The famous free encyclopedia, Wikipedia.org
147
Bella, aged 21, has never exercised outside of gym class in school. After learning about health risks and benefits, she is considering her capacity for changing her lifestyle to include regular physical activity. According to Bandura's self-efficacy theory, which of the following is most likely to discourage her sense that she can do this?
a. If she sees her best friend exercising for the first time.
b. If she succeeds in exercising one day for the first time.
c. If she feels anxious about whether she can achieve it.
d. If she hears her best friend tell her, "You can do this!"
c. If she feels anxious about whether she can achieve it.
148
According to research by Thomas et al. (1995) and confirmed by other researchers, which of the following adults is most likely to adhere to medical advice about getting screened for colorectal cancer?
a. Priya, a female who is 70 years of age
b. Chantel, a woman who is 22 years old
c. Rufus, a man who is now 84 years old
d. Herbie, a male who is 45 years of age
a. Priya, a female who is 70 years of age
149
Carlos turns 65 this year and is semi-retired with a good income, well above the poverty level. His friend Alfredo, who is the same age, has an income below the federal poverty level. Which choice predicts most accurately what the two friends will encounter with the Medicare and Medicaid programs?
a. Carlos can qualify for Medicaid, but Alfredo has only a 50% possibility of this.
b. Carlos and Alfredo can both get hospitalization insurance through Medicare.
c. Carlos and Alfredo can both get full dental coverage through traditional Medicare.
d. Carlos will not qualify, but Alfredo is guaranteed to get Medicaid by income.
b. Carlos and Alfredo can both get hospitalization insurance through Medicare.
150
Denis Burkitt's research seemed to suggest a link between high-fiber diets and low rates of colon cancer. What did Armstrong and Doll find a few years later?
They found that colorectal cancer incidence was related to diets that were high in meat
151
Among various behavioral strategies to enhance patient medical adherence, which of the following is a type of prompt?
a. Motivational interviewing work
b. Medicine compliance packaging
c. Medication reminder packaging
d. More simplified drug schedules
c. Medication reminder packaging
152
Abel, who was recently diagnosed with cancer, is concerned that his illness might remain chronic for the rest of his life, rather than an acute condition that treatment might eradicate. Howard Leventhal and colleagues described this component of disease conceptualization as _______.
a time line
153
How did the optimistic bias impede the public's response to the COVID pandemic?
Many people thought their risk of COVID was less serious than it actually was so they did not take reasonable public health precautions.
154
What is most accurate about the status of the profession of health psychology today?
Health psychologists have their own professional associations and recognition.
155
What did Sackett and Snow (1979) find about some conditions affecting patient adherence rates?
Patients took medication for curing illnesses more often than medication for preventing illness.
156
Which of the following is true in a single-blind research study?
a. Neither researchers nor participants are aware of treatment conditions.
b. Both researchers and participants know of the treatment conditions.
c. The researchers do not know what the treatment conditions are.
d. The participants are unaware of what the treatment conditions are.
d. The participants are unaware of what the treatment conditions are.
157
Research on the effects of placebos indicates that they _____.
have unique physiological effects
158
What are the two stages of Schwarzer's health action process approach?
Motivational and volitional
159
Unknown to him and his doctor, Antwon had undiagnosed high blood pressure for ten years. Then he developed severe weakness, shortness of breath, and fatigue upon usual exertion like climbing stairs, saw a doctor, and was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm. How does this description relate to the terms/concepts of disease and illness?
The high blood pressure constituted disease, and the symptoms from the aneurysm constituted illness.
160
Sisters Sylvia and Trudy each have examinations at their respective doctors' offices where they both received minor diagnoses that involved straightforward but lengthy treatment. Sylvia very much likes her doctor while Trudy finds her doctor to be brusque and condescending. Who is more likely to follow their doctor's advice?
Sylvia
161
Denise is aware of the health risks from her obesity. She has decided to embark on a weight loss program three weeks from now, and has begun to research which methods are most effective. According to Prochaska's transtheoretical model, which stage of behavior change is Denise in currently?
Preperation
162
Only with which event did an infectious disease become a leading cause of death in the United States in this century?
The covid pandemic begining in 2020
163
Dr. Andreessen is a clinical psychologist who works at a university hospital and treats patients with chronic pain. Which 2002 development has the most relation to this scenario?
a. The medical specialty of psychiatry incorporated the study of psychological factors in disease.
b. The AMA accepted new categories letting psychologists bill for services to physically ill patients.
c. The Medicare Graduate Medical Education program is now accepting internships in psychology.
d. The APA and the WHO collaborated to develop the International Classification of Functioning (ICF).
b. The AMA accepted new categories letting psychologists bill for services to physically ill patients.
164
In 1982, scientists identified a connection between the microorganism Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcers. Previously, many doctors had attributed such ulcers to stress or anxiety; this new information about a bacterium changed medical views. How does this shift in thinking compare to the historical shift in health models discussed in this chapter?
a. It is opposite, from psychosomatic to biomedical; models shifted from biomedical to biopsychosocial.
b. It is impossible to compare the two situations, as each of them represents a separate, unique process.
c. It is identical, because the bacterial discovery took place concurrently with the shift in medical models.
d. It is parallel, as in both instances people's thinking shifted from the biomedical to the biopsychosocial.
a. It is opposite, from psychosomatic to biomedical; models shifted from biomedical to biopsychosocial.
165
Dr. Sangem is conducting observational research to learn more about children's physical activity on playgrounds. Dr. Sangem has three research assistants who will be observing children's behavior using a standardized scale, but first wants to make sure that all of the research assistants will score the same behavior in the same way. Dr. Sangem is concerned with _____.
Inter-rater reliability
166
According to a study by Ryan and Zerwic (2003) cited in your text, what were the overall tendencies of older patients experiencing cardiac symptoms when compared to those of younger/middle-aged patients?
They tended to think another condition caused their symptoms.
167
Suppose that you are the parent of a young child who must be hospitalized for medical treatment. You read about health psychology research used as techniques for minimizing children's distress. What are you likely to have learned?
Modeling, such as watching another child undergo procedures, is effective in reducing distress.
168
A test that is meant to measure depression but measures both depression and anxiety, and gets comparable results across repeated administrations, is most accurately described as _____.
Reliable but not valid
169
Nobu is a first-generation Asian American whose parents came here from Japan. For her ethnic group, suicide is among the top ten causes of death. Which other ethnic group(s) share(s) this statistic?Nobu is a first-generation Asian American whose parents came here from Japan. For her ethnic group, suicide is among the top ten causes of death. Which other ethnic group(s) share(s) this statistic?
European Americans
170
Teenagers Fredo and Garson both have the same strong intentions to avoid driving under the influence, getting drunk, smoking, or practicing unsafe sex. Fredo has stronger behavioral willingness than Garson. Based on research findings, what is most likely?
Fredo will be more likely to engage in any of these behaviors than Garson will.
171
The Framingham Heart Study has identified various risk factors for cardiovascular disease. What is correct about these risk factors?
a. They each cause the disease, but at different respective rates.
b. If enough of them exist in combination, they cause the disease.
c. They may not cause the disease, but they are associated with it.
d. Each of them causes the disease independently of the others.
c. They may not cause the disease, but they are associated with it.
