Health Promotion of Preschoolers (3-6years)

Question 1

Weight

Answer 1

Preschoolers should gain about 2-3kg per year

Question 2

Height

Answer 2

preschoolers should grow about 6.5-9cm per year

Question 3

How preschoolers grow

Answer 3

bodies evolve from characteristically unsteady wide stance and protruding abdomens of toddlers, into a more graceful, postural erect, and sturdy physicality.

Question 4

Gross Motor Skill by 3 years old

Answer 4

Rides tricycle. Jumps off bottom step. Stands on one foot for a few seconds.

Question 5

Gross Motor Skill by 4 years old

Answer 5

Skips and hops on one foot. Throws a ball overhead. Catches ball reliably.

Question 6

Gross Motor Skill by 5 years old

Answer 6

Jumps Rope. Walks backward with heel to toe. Throws and catches a ball with ease.

Question 7

Piaget

Answer 7

Cognitive Development.
Preoperational Phase.
Preconceptual thought transitions to the phase of intuitive thought around the age of 4 years old. The phase of intuitive thought lasts until the age of 7 years old.
Preschooler over from totally egocentric thoughts to social awareness and the ability to consider the viewpoints of others.
Preschoolers make judgements based on visual appearances. Variations in thinking during this age include: magical thinking, animism, centration, and time.

Question 8

Magical Thinking

Answer 8

thoughts are all powerful and can cause events to occur.

Question 9

Animism

Answer 9

Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.

Question 10

Centration

Answer 10

Focus on one aspect instead of considering all possible alternatives.

Question 11

Time

Answer 11

Preschoolers begin to understand sequence of daily events. Time is best explained to them in relation to an event. By the end of the preschool year, children have a better comprehension of time-oriented words.

Question 12

Language Development

Answer 12

The vocab of preschoolers increase to more than 2,100 words by the end of the 5th year.
Preschoolers speak in sentences of 3-4 words at the age of 3-4 years, and 4-5 words by the age of 4-5 years.
This group enjoys talking, and language becomes their primary method of communication.

Question 13

Erikson

Answer 13

Initiative v. Guilt

Question 14

Initiative v Guilt

Answer 14

Preschoolers become energetic learners, despite not having all of the physical abilities necessary to be successful at everything.
Guilt can occur when preschoolers believe they have misbehaved or when they are unable to accomplish a task.
Guilding preschoolers to attempt activities within their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate.

Question 15

Kohlberg

Answer 15

Moral development

Question 16

Moral Development

Answer 16

Early preschoolers continue in the good-bad orientation of the toddler years, and actions are taken based on whether or not it will result in a reward or punishment.
Older preschoolers primarily rake action based on satisfying personal needs, yet are beginning to understand the concepts of justice and fairness.

Question 17

Self-concept development

Answer 17

Preschoolers feel good about themselves with regard to mastering skills that allow independence (dressing, feeding). During stress, insecurity, or illness, preschoolers can regress to previous immature behaviors or develop habits (nose picking, bed-wetting, thumb sucking)

Question 18

Body Image Changes

Answer 18

Preschoolers begin to recognize differences in appearances, and identify what is considered acceptable and unacceptable.
By the age of 5 years, preschoolers begin comparing themselves with peers.
Poor understanding of anatomy makes intrusive experiences, such as injections or cuts, frightening to preschoolers. Therefore, preschoolers believe it is important to use bandages after an injury.

Question 19

Social Development

Answer 19

Preschoolers generally do not exhibit stranger anxiety and have less separation anxiety.
Changes in daily routine are tolerated, but they can develop imaginary fears.
Prolonged separation, such as during hospitalization, can provoke anxiety. Favorite toys and appropriate play should be used to help ease their fears.
Pretend play is healthy and allows preschoolers to determine the difference between reality and fantasy.

Question 20

Age Appropriate Activities

Answer 20

Parallel play shifts to associative play during the preschool years. Play is not highly organized, but cooperation does not exist between children. 
Playing ball
Putting puzzles together
Riding tricycles
Playing pretend and dress up
Role playing
Hand puppets
Painting 
Simple sewing
Reading books
Wading pools 
Sand boxes
Skating
Computer programs
Musical toys
Electronic games

Question 21

Immunizations

Answer 21

4-6 years: DTaP, MMR, IPV

3-6 years: yearly seasonal influenza

Question 22

Nutrition

Answer 22

Preschoolers consume approx half the amount of energy that adults do. (1800kcal)
Finicky eating can remain a behavior in preschoolers but often by 5 years of age they become more willing to sample different food.
Preschoolers need 13-19g/day of protein in addition to adequate intake of calcium, iron, folate, and vitamin A and C
Saturated fats should be less than 10% of preschoolers total caloric intake, and total fat over several days should be 20% to 30% of total caloric intake.
With obesity rates in young children increasing, it is recommended that preschoolers have 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, 2 hr or less of screen time, 0 servings of sugar-sweetened beverages, and 1 hour of physical activity per day.

Question 23

Sleep and Rest

Answer 23

On average, preschoolers need about 12 hours of sleep per day and infrequently take day time naps.
Sleep disturbances frequently occur during early childhood, and problems range from difficulty going to bed to night terrors. Appropriate interventions vary, but can include the following:
Keep a consistent bedtime routine.
Use a night-light in the room.
Provide the child with a favorite toy.
Leave a drink of water by the bed.
Reassure preschoolers who are frightened, but avoid allowing preschoolers to sleep with their parents.

Question 24

Dental Health

Answer 24

Eruption of deciduous teeth is finalized by the beginning of the preschool years.
Parents need to assist and supervise brushing and flossing to ensure it is performed correctly to prevent dental caries.
Trauma to teeth is common in preschool age kids and should be immediately assessed by a dentist.

Question 25

Bodily Harm

Answer 25

Firearms should be kept in locked cabinets or containers.
Preschoolers should be taught stranger safety.
Preschoolers should be taught to wear protective equipment.

Question 26

Burns

Answer 26

Hot water thermostats should be set at or below 120 F.
Working smoke detects should be kept in the home.
Preschoolers should have sunscreen applied when outside.

Question 27

Drowning

Answer 27

Preschoolers should not be left unattended in bathtubs.
Preschoolers should be closely supervised when near the pool or any other body of water.
Preschoolers should be taught to swim.

Question 28

Motor Vehicle Injuries

Answer 28

Preschoolers should use a federally approved car restraint according to the manufacturers recommendations.
When the forward facing car seat is outgrown, the preschool transitions to a booster seat.
It is recommended that children use an approved car restraint system until they have achieved a height of 145cm or 8-12 years old.
Safest area for children is in the backseat of the car.
Supervise preschool age children when playing outside, and do not allow them to play near a curb or parked cars.
Teach pedestrian rules to preschool age children.
Stand back from the curb when wanting to cross the street.
Before crossing the street, look left, the right, then left again.
Walk on the left, facing traffic, when there are no sidewalks.
At night, wear light colored clothing with fluorescent materials attached.