Health Promotion of Preschoolers (3-6years) Flashcards
Weight
Preschoolers should gain about 2-3kg per year
Height
preschoolers should grow about 6.5-9cm per year
How preschoolers grow
bodies evolve from characteristically unsteady wide stance and protruding abdomens of toddlers, into a more graceful, postural erect, and sturdy physicality.
Gross Motor Skill by 3 years old
Rides tricycle. Jumps off bottom step. Stands on one foot for a few seconds.
Gross Motor Skill by 4 years old
Skips and hops on one foot. Throws a ball overhead. Catches ball reliably.
Gross Motor Skill by 5 years old
Jumps Rope. Walks backward with heel to toe. Throws and catches a ball with ease.
Piaget
Cognitive Development.
Preoperational Phase.
Preconceptual thought transitions to the phase of intuitive thought around the age of 4 years old. The phase of intuitive thought lasts until the age of 7 years old.
Preschooler over from totally egocentric thoughts to social awareness and the ability to consider the viewpoints of others.
Preschoolers make judgements based on visual appearances. Variations in thinking during this age include: magical thinking, animism, centration, and time.
Magical Thinking
thoughts are all powerful and can cause events to occur.
Animism
Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
Centration
Focus on one aspect instead of considering all possible alternatives.
Time
Preschoolers begin to understand sequence of daily events. Time is best explained to them in relation to an event. By the end of the preschool year, children have a better comprehension of time-oriented words.
Language Development
The vocab of preschoolers increase to more than 2,100 words by the end of the 5th year.
Preschoolers speak in sentences of 3-4 words at the age of 3-4 years, and 4-5 words by the age of 4-5 years.
This group enjoys talking, and language becomes their primary method of communication.
Erikson
Initiative v. Guilt
Initiative v Guilt
Preschoolers become energetic learners, despite not having all of the physical abilities necessary to be successful at everything.
Guilt can occur when preschoolers believe they have misbehaved or when they are unable to accomplish a task.
Guilding preschoolers to attempt activities within their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate.
Kohlberg
Moral development
Moral Development
Early preschoolers continue in the good-bad orientation of the toddler years, and actions are taken based on whether or not it will result in a reward or punishment.
Older preschoolers primarily rake action based on satisfying personal needs, yet are beginning to understand the concepts of justice and fairness.
Self-concept development
Preschoolers feel good about themselves with regard to mastering skills that allow independence (dressing, feeding). During stress, insecurity, or illness, preschoolers can regress to previous immature behaviors or develop habits (nose picking, bed-wetting, thumb sucking)
Body Image Changes
Preschoolers begin to recognize differences in appearances, and identify what is considered acceptable and unacceptable.
By the age of 5 years, preschoolers begin comparing themselves with peers.
Poor understanding of anatomy makes intrusive experiences, such as injections or cuts, frightening to preschoolers. Therefore, preschoolers believe it is important to use bandages after an injury.
Social Development
Preschoolers generally do not exhibit stranger anxiety and have less separation anxiety.
Changes in daily routine are tolerated, but they can develop imaginary fears.
Prolonged separation, such as during hospitalization, can provoke anxiety. Favorite toys and appropriate play should be used to help ease their fears.
Pretend play is healthy and allows preschoolers to determine the difference between reality and fantasy.
Age Appropriate Activities
Parallel play shifts to associative play during the preschool years. Play is not highly organized, but cooperation does not exist between children. Playing ball Putting puzzles together Riding tricycles Playing pretend and dress up Role playing Hand puppets Painting Simple sewing Reading books Wading pools Sand boxes Skating Computer programs Musical toys Electronic games
Immunizations
4-6 years: DTaP, MMR, IPV
3-6 years: yearly seasonal influenza
Nutrition
Preschoolers consume approx half the amount of energy that adults do. (1800kcal)
Finicky eating can remain a behavior in preschoolers but often by 5 years of age they become more willing to sample different food.
Preschoolers need 13-19g/day of protein in addition to adequate intake of calcium, iron, folate, and vitamin A and C
Saturated fats should be less than 10% of preschoolers total caloric intake, and total fat over several days should be 20% to 30% of total caloric intake.
With obesity rates in young children increasing, it is recommended that preschoolers have 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, 2 hr or less of screen time, 0 servings of sugar-sweetened beverages, and 1 hour of physical activity per day.
Sleep and Rest
On average, preschoolers need about 12 hours of sleep per day and infrequently take day time naps.
Sleep disturbances frequently occur during early childhood, and problems range from difficulty going to bed to night terrors. Appropriate interventions vary, but can include the following:
Keep a consistent bedtime routine.
Use a night-light in the room.
Provide the child with a favorite toy.
Leave a drink of water by the bed.
Reassure preschoolers who are frightened, but avoid allowing preschoolers to sleep with their parents.
Dental Health
Eruption of deciduous teeth is finalized by the beginning of the preschool years.
Parents need to assist and supervise brushing and flossing to ensure it is performed correctly to prevent dental caries.
Trauma to teeth is common in preschool age kids and should be immediately assessed by a dentist.
Bodily Harm
Firearms should be kept in locked cabinets or containers.
Preschoolers should be taught stranger safety.
Preschoolers should be taught to wear protective equipment.
Burns
Hot water thermostats should be set at or below 120 F.
Working smoke detects should be kept in the home.
Preschoolers should have sunscreen applied when outside.
Drowning
Preschoolers should not be left unattended in bathtubs.
Preschoolers should be closely supervised when near the pool or any other body of water.
Preschoolers should be taught to swim.
Motor Vehicle Injuries
Preschoolers should use a federally approved car restraint according to the manufacturers recommendations.
When the forward facing car seat is outgrown, the preschool transitions to a booster seat.
It is recommended that children use an approved car restraint system until they have achieved a height of 145cm or 8-12 years old.
Safest area for children is in the backseat of the car.
Supervise preschool age children when playing outside, and do not allow them to play near a curb or parked cars.
Teach pedestrian rules to preschool age children.
Stand back from the curb when wanting to cross the street.
Before crossing the street, look left, the right, then left again.
Walk on the left, facing traffic, when there are no sidewalks.
At night, wear light colored clothing with fluorescent materials attached.
