Health Promotion for Toddlers (1-3 years) Flashcards
Anterior Fontanel
closes by 18 months of age.
Weight
at 30 months of age, toddlers should weigh 4 times their birth weight.
Height
Toddlers grow 3” per year.
Head Circumference
equal to chest circumference by 1-2 years of age.
Piaget
Cognitive Development.
Sensorimotor stage transition to the preoperative stage around 19-24 months.
The concept of object permanence becomes fully developed.
Toddlers have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them.
Domestic mimicry (playing house) is evident.
Preoperational thought does not allow for toddler to understand others viewpoints, but it allows them to symbolize objects and to initiate previously seen actions.
Language Development
Language increases to about 300 words by the age of 2 years.
1 year: using one word sentences; or holophrases.
2 years: using multiword sentences by combining two or three words.
3 years: combining several words to create simple sentences using grammatical rules.
Erikson
Psychosocial development.
autonomy v shame and doubt
Autonomy V Shame and doubt
Independence is paramount for toddlers, who are attempting to do everything by themselves.
Toddlers often use negativism, or negative responses, as they begin to express their independence.
Ritualism, or maintaining routines, provides a sense of comfort for toddlers as they begin to explore the environment beyond those most familiar to them.
Moral Development
Closely associated with cognitive development.
Punishment and obedience orientation begin with a sense that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished.
Egocentric
toddlers are unable to see things from the perspective of others; they can only view things from their personal points of view.
Self Concept Development
Toddlers progressively see themselves as separate from their parents and increase their exploration away from them.
Body Image Changes
Toddlers appreciate the usefulness of various body parts.
Toddlers develop gender identity by 3 years of age.
Age Appropriate Activities
Solitary play evolves into parallel play, in which toddlers observe other children and then might engage in activities nearby. Filling and emptying containers. playing with blocks looking at books push-pull toys tossing balls finger paints large-piece puzzels thick crayons
Temper Tantrums
results when toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on independence. Providing consistent, age-appropriate expectations helps toddlers to work though frustration.
Toilet Training
can begin when toddlers have the sensation of needing to urinate or dedicate. Parents should demonstrate patience and consistency with toilet training. Nighttime control might develop last.
Discipline
should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that are established to develop appropriate social behavior.
Gross Motor Skills at 15 months
Walks without help. Creeps up stairs.
Gross Motor Skill at 18 months
Runs clumsily; falls often. Throws ball overhand. Jumps in place with both feet. Pull sand pushes toys.
Gross Motor Skills at 2 years
Walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on each step.
Gross Motor Skill at 2.5 years
Jumps across the floor and off a chair or step using both feet. Stands on one foot momentarily. Takes a few steps on tiptoe.
Fine Motor Skill at 15 months
Uses cup well. Builds a tower of two blocks.
Fine Motor Skill at 18 months
Manages a spoon without rotation. Turns pages in book, two or three at a time. Builds tower of three or four blocks.
Fine Motor Skill at 2 years
Builds tower of 6-7 blocks. Turns pages of books one at a time.
Fine Motor Skill at 2.5 years
Draws circles. Has good hand-finger coordination.
Immunizations
the CDC immunization recommendations for healthy toddlers 12 months to 3 years of age.
12-15 monthsL inactivated poliovirus, hib, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella.
12-23 months: Hep A, given in 2 doses at least 6 months apart.
15-18 months: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis.
12-36 months: yearly influenza
Nutrition
Children might establish lifetime eating habits during early childhood.
Toddlers begin to develop taste preferences and are generally picky eaters who repeatedly request their favorite foods.
Psychologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming fussy eaters because of a decreased appetite.
Toddlers should consume 24-28 oz milk per day and mat switch from drinking whole milk to drinking low fat milk after 2 years of age.
Juice consumption should be limited to 4-6oz a day.
Trans fatty acids and saturated fats should be avoided.
Diet should include 1 cup of fruit daily.
Food serving size should be 1 tbsp for each year of age, or 1/4 to 1/3 of adult portion.
Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy.
Regular meal times and nutritious snacks best meet nutrient needs.
Snacks or deserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided.
Foods that are potential choking hazards should be avoided.
Adult supervision should always be provided during meal or snack times.
Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play activities or while lying down.
Foods should be cut into small, bite-sized pieces to make them easier to swallow and to prevent choking.
Parents should follow the US department of Agricultures Guidelines.
Sleep and Rest
Toddlers typically average 11-12 hours of sleep per day, including one nap.
Naps often are eliminated in older toddlerhood.
Resistance to bedtime and expressions of fears are common in this age.
Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to promote sleep.
Dental Health
Children should have an established dental home by the age of 1 year.
Flossing and brusing should be preformed by the adult caregiver and are best methods for removing plaque.
Brushing should occur after meals and at bedtime. Nothing to eat or drink, except water, is given to the child after the bedtime cleaning.
Fluoride is supplemental for children living in areas with without adequate levels in drinking water.
Early adulthood caries is a form of tooth decay that develops in toddlers and is more common in children who are put to bed with a bottle of juice or milk.
Consumption of cariogenic foods should be eliminated id possible. If not, frequency of consumption should be limited.
Aspiration of Foreign Objects.
Small objects that can become lodged in the throat should be avoided.
Toys that have small parts should be kept out of reach.
Age-appropriate toys should be provided.
Clothing should be checked for safety hazards.
Balloons should be kept away from toddlers.
Parents should know emergency procedures for choking.
Bodily Harm
Sharp objects should be kept out of reach.
Firearms should be kept in locked boxes or cabinets
Toddlers should not be left alone with any animals present.
Toddlers should be taught stranger safety.
Burns
Temperature of bath water should be checked.
Thermostats on hot water heaters should be turn down to less than 120 F
Working smoke detectors should be kept in the home.
Pot handles should be turned toward the back of the stove.
Electrical outlets should be covered.
Toddlers should wear sunscreen when outside.
Drowning
Toddlers should not be left unattended in bathtubs.
Toilet lids should be kept closed.
Toddlers should be closely supervised near pools or any other body of water.
Toddlers should be taught to swim.
Falls
Doors and windows should be kept locked.
Crib mattresses should be kept in the lowest position with the rails all the way up.
Safety gates should be used across the top and bottoms of the stairs.
Motor Vehicle Injuries
Infants and toddlers remain in rear facing car seats until the age of 2 years of the height recommended by the manufacturer.
Toddlers over the age of 2 years old, or who exceed the height recommendations for rear facing car seats, are moved to a forward facing car seat.
Safest area for infants and children is the backseat of the car.
Do not place rear facing car seats in the front of vehicles with deployable passenger airbags.
Poisoning
Exposure to lead pain should be avoided.
Safety locks should be placed on the cabinets that contain cleaners and other chemicals.
The phone number for a poison control center should be kept near the phone.
Medications should be kept in the childproof containers, away from the reach of toddlers.
A working carbon monoxide detector should be placed in the home.
Suffocation
Plastic bags should be avoided. Crib mattresses should fit tightly. Crib slats should be no farther than 6cm Pillows should be kept out of cribs. Drawstrings should be removed from jackets and other clothing.
