health promotion Flashcards
health promotion in schools and worksites
tapper et al
- investigated different techniques to change the eating habit of children
- experiment one included 5-6 years old fussy eaters, given food dudes videos as modelling, and rewarded food dude stickers and pens if they ate target amount of fruits and vegetables. results showed that a combination of reqard and modelling is the most effective in increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables by children.
fruit consumption rised from 4% to 100%, vegetables consumption rised from 1% to 83%.
- experiment 2 investigated the effectiveness of techniques on 2-4 years of nursery students. they were given Jess and Janis videos about eating fruits and vegetables. fruit consumption during snacktime rised from 30 to 71%. there was a maintanance stage where no videos were shown and rewards were intermittent. consumption levels were at 79% at 15 month follow up. The effect of lunchtime consumption mirrored effect in snacktime consumption. consumption levels at lunchtime rised from 17% from 79% at 15 month follow up
Fox et al
- investigated whether a token economy could encourage pit workers from 2 pit mine to focus on safety and health
-workers from 2 pit mines were used. stamps can be used to exchange items in a store. Employee were given stamps if no injuries were recorded at the end of the month, acts to prevent serious injuries to others and preventing damage to equipment. No stamps were given if lost day due to injury, lost time injury recorded, or causing equipment damage. results showed a significant decrease in lost time injuries, and a reduction in cost needed to cover accidents and damage to equipment
individual factors in changing health belief
- Weinstein et al (unrealistic optimism)
Weinstein et al
- investigated the hypothesis that people beliefs negative events are less likely to occur to them and positive events are more likely to occur to them compared to others
- tested list of factors that affects this including (perceived controllability of event, perceived probability of event, intensity of positive, negative outcome for the event, perceived sterotype of person affected by the event, personal experience of the event
- group of diverse college students judged the likelihood of positive, negative events occuring to them compared to students of the same university and same sex as them
- positive events for example owning a house, living past 80. Negative events including
having heart attack before the age of 40, getting fired from a job
-comparative judgements is how likely you feel you are to experience a event compared to the average.
- comparative judgements are higher for desirable events, events with higher perceived probability, events with previous personal experience. lower for negative events with sterotype attached to it
experiment 2 investigated whether unrealistic optimisim occurs as a result of inaccurate belif, images of others
- participants listed racnge of factors that increase, decreases the likelihood of events occuring to them
- some participants received list of factors from others when making comparative judgement and this is predicted it will decrease, eliminate the unrealistic optimism
-allocated to 3 conditions
-experimental group received range of factors from others when making comparative judgements
-control group 1 did not list range of factors but received list from others
- control group 2 listed range of factors but received list of factors from others
-3 groups made comparative judgements
- results showed that inaccurate belifs of other pepople related to the unrealistic optimism for negative events as predicted
results showed that listing factors decreases optimism for positive events
-listing factor did not completely eliminate unrealistic optimism
-comparative judgements are for negative, positive events are still unrealistically optimistic
positive psychology
seligman wants to investigate whether positive psychology could lead to happiness
- teaches a annual seminar to students of university of pennsylvania.
- positive psychology refers to the study of three different lifes including the pleasant life, which he refers as experiencing pleasures and having skills such as savouring and mindfulness. In other words, having positive emotions. Students practice savouring and mindfulness skills. the second life is the good life. Good lifge is asssociated with gratification, it requires us to identify our strengths and use them to meet challenges to obtain gratification. students completed the VIA questionnaire which identifies 5 strengths and virtues, a homework task to encourage strengths to be used in everyday life tasks. the third life is the meaningful life. This also requires us to identiy our greatest strengths and virtues but serve something that is larger than us. Stuedents were asked to create a family tree diagram with parents, grandparents, and sibilings. they were asked to imagine their role in it .
application of positive psychology (shoshani and steinmetz)
investigated whether intervention programmes could lead to increase in self efficacy, self esteem, life satistfaction, optimisms and decrease in levels of psychological distress.
- sample contained 1167 students, aged 11-14 years old from 8 schools, jewish. Mix of socialeconomical factors. Students from 2 parents familiy and 1 parent family were included. one of these eight schools were allocated to the intervention programme and other to the control groups. the control group matched demographics factors and completed the intervention programme after the completion of the study.
- breif symptom inventory were used to assess the teen’s mental health. 53 self reported items, 4 point likert scale assessed interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation, hostiliy
- the programme was ran over the course of a school year
- teachers attended workshops ran by clinical psychologists, trained on positive psychology and group dynamics. teachers administered the programmes to the students. the programme consists of videos, activities, stories, poems about positive psyhcology. for exmaple, to assess gratitude, students were asked to list 5 things they were grateful for this week
- results showed that the intervention group had significant increase in self efficacy, self esteem and optimism. Siginificant decrease in depression, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity. The control group had decrease in terms of self efficacy and self esteem, with only a slight increase in optimism. no significant differences were found between the two groups in life satistfaction.
- it was concluded that the intervention programme is a sucessful application of positive psychology. the inervention programme is associated with improvement in mental health symptoms.
