Health Problems During Infancy Flashcards
NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES
- Vitamin Imabalances
- Mineral Imbalances
- Protein Energy Malnutrition
- Food Allergy
once rarely seen because of the widespread commercial availability of vitamin D–fortified milk, increased before the turn of the century.
VITAMIN D–DEFICIENCY RICKETS
POPULATIONS AT RISK OF VITAMIN DDEFICIENCY RICKETS:
- Children who are exclusively breastfed by mothers with an inadequate intake of vitamin D.
- Children with dark skin pigmentation who are exposed to minimal sunlight because of socioeconomic, religious, or cultural beliefs or housing in urban areas with high levels of
pollution. - Children with diets that are low in sources of vitamin D and calcium.
- Individuals who use milk products not supplemented with vitamin D (e.g., yogurt,* raw cow’s milk) as the primary source of milk
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (2008) recommends that infants who are exclusively breastfed receive ________ of vitamin D. The supplementation should continue until the infant is consuming ______________________________________ of vitamin D–fortified formula (AAP, 2008).
400 IU; at least 1 L/day (or 1 quart/day)
Children may also be at risk for vitamin deficiencies secondary to disorders or their treatment:
- Vitamin deficiencies of the fat-soluble vitamins A and D may occur in malabsorptive disorders such as cystic fibrosis and short bowel syndrome
- Preterm infants may develop rickets in the second month of life.
An excessive dose of a vitamin is generally defined as _____________________________________________________, although the fatsoluble vitamins, especially vitamins A and D, tend to cause toxic reactions at __________________.
10 or more times the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA); lower doses
is potentally increased due to the addition of vitamins to commercially prepared foods. Especially when combined with the excessive use of vitamin supplements.
HYPERVITAMINOSIS
HYPERVITAMINOSIS is potentally increased due to the addition of vitamins to commercially prepared foods. Especially when combined with the excessive use of vitamin supplements. _____________________________ presents the greatest problems because these fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body
Hypervitaminosis of A and D
Poor outcomes in infants (e.g., fatal hypermagnesemia) have been associated with ______________________ with high doses of magnesium oxide, and _____________________________________ have resulted from megadoses of vitamin A.
megavitamin therapy; severe anemia and thrombocytopenia
Poor outcomes in infants (e.g., fatal hypermagnesemia) have been associated with megavitamin therapy with _____________________________________, and severe anemia and thrombocytopenia have resulted from _________________________________
high doses of magnesium oxide; megadoses of vitamin A.
refer to those with daily requirements greater than 100 mg
macrominerals
The macrominerals refer to those with daily requirements ___________________________________
gretaer than 100 mg
The macrominerals refer to those with daily requirements greater than 100 mg and include
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur
have daily requirements of less than 100 mg and include several essential minerals and those whose exact role in nutrition is still unclear.
Microminerals, or trace elements
The greatest problem with minerals is _______________, especially ______________________.
deficiency; iron-deficiency anemia
An imbalance in the intake of calcium and phosphorous may occur in infants who are given whole cow’s milk instead of infant formula; ________________ may be observed in such cases
neonatal tetany
Children with certain illnesses are at greater risk for _______________, especially in relation to __________________ as a result of the treatment of the disease, decreased nutrient intake, or decreased absorption of necessary minerals.
growth failure; bone mineral deficiency
POPULATIONS AT RISK OF DEFICIENCIES
- Children who have recieved and are receiving radiation and chemotherapy for cancer
- Children who have Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, Gastrointestinal malabsorption, or nephrosis
- ELBW and VLBW preterm infants
The most extreme forms of malnutrition, or protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), are
kwashiorkor and marasmus
a deficiency of protein with an adequate supply of calories
Kwashiorkor
A diet consisting mainly of starch grains or tubers provides adequate calories in the form of carbohydrates but an inadequate amount of high-quality proteins.
Kwashiorkor
is a common complication of severe PEM and results in skin rashes, loss of hair, impaired immune response and susceptibility to infections, digestive problems, night blindness, changes in affective behavior, defective wound healing, and impaired growth.
Acute zinc deficiency
Mineral deficiencies are common in Kwashiorkor, especially ________________________________.
iron, calcium, and zinc
Is a result from general malnutrition of both calories and protein
Marasmus
It is usually a syndrome of physical and emotional deprivation and is not confined to geographic areas where food supplies are inadequate.
Marasmus
It may be seen in children with growth failure in whom the cause is not solely nutritional but primarily emotional
Marasmus
Marasmus may be seen in infants as young as _____________ of age if breastfeeding is not successful and there are no suitable alternatives.
3 months
Marasmus is characterized by ________________ and ___________________, especially of _____________. The child appears to be very old, with loose and wrinkled skin
gradual wasting ; atrophy of body tissues; subcutaneous fat
Is a form of PEM in which clinical findings of both kwashiorkor and marasmus are evident
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
The child has inadequate nutrient intake and superimposed infection. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia are associated with a poor prognosis
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
clinical manifestations of Marasmic Kwashiorkor
edema, severe wasting, and stunted growt.
The treatment of PEM includes
providing a diet with high-quality proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
Treatment of PEM
Utilization of three-phase treatment protocol
- acute or initial phase in the first 2 to 10 days involving initiation of treatment for oral rehydration, diarrhea, and intestinal parasites.
- recovery or rehabilitation (2–6 weeks) focusing on increasing dietary intake and weight gain.
- follow-up phase, focusing on care after discharge in an outpatient setting to prevent relapse and promote weight gain, provide developmental stimulation, and evaluate cognitive and motor deficits.
COLIC a.k.a
Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain
The condition is generally described as abdominal pain or cramping that is manifested by loud crying and drawing the legs up to the abdomen.
Colic (Paroxysmal Abdominal Pain)
Colic is more common in infants ______________ than in older infants, and infants with _____________________ are more likely to be colicky.
younger than 3 months; difficult temperaments
Is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a complete postmortem examination, including an investigation of the death scene and a review of the case history
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
One hypothesis is that SIDS is related to a ______________________ in the neurologic regulation of cardiorespiratory control.
brainstem abnormality
A _________________ to SIDS has been postulated as a cause.
genetic predisposition
Risk Factors for SIDS
Maternal smoking
Cosleeping
Prolonged Q-T Interval
Head covering by a blanket
Protective Factors for SIDS
breastfeeding
pacifier use
immunization status
Infant Risk Factors for SIDS
Low birth weight
Low Apgar scores
Recent viral illness
Siblings of two or more SIDS victims
Male sex
Infants of American Indian or African-American ethnicity
