Health Physics I: Unit 3 Review Flashcards
Unit 3 Review, Chapter 10, 12, 14
Working in conjunction with their partners in other agencies, the FDA takes action to:
Promote safe use of medical imaging devices
Support informed clinical decision
Increase patient awareness
ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between:
Ionizing radiation and potential risk
The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC):
Oversee the nuclear energy industry
Run by the government of Japan, primarily studies Japanese atomic bomb survivors:
Radiation Effects Research Foundation
Functions and/or responsibilities of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
Monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry
Responsible for regulations concerning an employee’s “right to know” with regard to hazards in the workplace
Effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye:
15 mSv
Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that the annual effective dose limit of __ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years.
1 mSv annually
Responsibilities of a health care facility’s radiation safety committee (RSC):
Provide guidance for the radiation safety program
Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for:
Whole-body exposure
Partial-body exposure
Exposure of individual organs
If a dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will:
not demonstrate the effect
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including:
Radioactive materials
Radiation-producing machines
Radiation accidents
Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately:
0.4 Sv
The essential concept underlying radiation protection:
any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
Random effect of ionizing radiation
Stochastic event
Agency was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
To provide a low-exposure cut-off level for negligible risk, agencies have established an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of __ .
0.01 mSv/year
A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to:
Identify radiation safety problems
Initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action
Stop unsafe operations involving by-product material
Verify implementation of corrective actions.
The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits:
Radiation safety officer
Upper boundary radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to other industries, which include:
Manufacturing
Trade
Government
Health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States, these levels are traditionally __ to __ the applicable regulatory standards
1/10 to 3/10
Common reasons for unacceptable images:
Patient mispositioning
Incorrect centering of the radiographic beam
Patient motion during the radiographic exposure
Incorrect collimation of the radiographic beam
Involuntary motions that cannot be willingly controlled
Chills Tremors Muscle spasms Pain Active withdrawal
Lack of control over voluntary motion may be attributed to:
The patient’s age Breathing patterns or problems Physical discomfort Fear of the examination Mental instability
The first step in protection of the reproductive organs:
Precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
Areas of the body that should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible:
Lens of the eye
Breasts
Thyroid gland
Reproductive organs
Benefits of a repeat analysis program:
Increased awareness among radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality recorded images
Radiographers become more careful in producing radiographic images
In-service education programs covering these specific topics may be designed for imaging personnel