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RWMC School Of Radiology > Health Physics I: Unit 1 Review > Flashcards

Health Physics I: Unit 1 Review Flashcards

Chapters 1, 2, & 3 Review

1
Q

Results in a photoelectron and a characteristic photon

A

Photoelectric absorption

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2
Q

Annihilation radiation

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

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3
Q

Radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes

A

Ionizing radiation

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4
Q

Does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison; emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment; provides an answer that is easy for the patient to comprehend

A

Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)

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5
Q

Agency that requires annual education of staff in dose reduction techniques; minimum qualifications for medical physicists; documentation of radiation doses; management of protocols to minimize radiation dose

A

The Joint Commission

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6
Q

These measures take into consideration 1. both human and environmental physical determinants; 2. technical elements; and 3. procedural factors

A

Effective protective measures

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7
Q

Optimization of radiographic exposure techniques that provide optimal radiation protection

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)

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8
Q

Radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continually exposed to without any apparent harmful acute effects

A

Tolerance dose

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9
Q

A dose of radiation lower than which an individual has a negligible chance of sustaining biological damage

A

Threshold dose

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10
Q

Radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease

A

True

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11
Q

_________ can result in 1. creation of unstable atoms; 2. production of free electrons; 3. creation of highly reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell; 4. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell; 5. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function.

A

Ionization

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12
Q

1 millisievert equals ________ sieverts.

A

1/1000

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13
Q

Provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified

A

Diagnostic efficacy

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14
Q

The cardinal principles of radiation protection include

A

Time, distance, shielding

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15
Q

People are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is:

A

greater than the risk involved

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16
Q

In this approach, members assume responsibility for their areas of expertise and emphasize the importance of communication throughout the team.

A

Team approach to patient care

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17
Q

Radiation quantity that is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation

A

Effective dose

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18
Q

Unit used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units

A

Coulomb per kilogram (cKg)

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19
Q

This pledge includes the following: 1. Make the image gently message a priority in staff communications each year; 2. Review the protocol recommendations and, when necessary, implement adjustments to practice processes; 3. Communicate openly with parents

A

Image Gently

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20
Q

This professional is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program

A

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

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21
Q

X-rays are a form of _________ radiation

A

ionizing

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22
Q

This concept includes: 1. determining if an imaging procedure is justified; 2. obtaining images with minimal radiation exposure; 3. adhering to radiation safety guidelines

A

Diagnostic efficacy

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23
Q

In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with:

A

Shorter wavelength, higher energy

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24
Q

Which type of radiation remains fairly consistent year to year?

A

Natural radiation

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25
Q

The most common unit of measure of equivalent dose.

A

Millisievert

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26
Q

Ionizing radiation from natural sources grows larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining radioactive elements, the sources are termed:

A

enhanced natural resources

27
Q

_______ can enter a house through crawl spaces under living areas, floor drains and sump pumps, and porous cement block foundations

A

Radon

28
Q

Forms of electromagnetic radiation

A

X-rays, Gamma rays, Ultraviolet radiation

29
Q

Fallout from nuclear weapons tests and other environmental sources along with other man-made radiations contributes to approximately ______ to the equivalent dose of each person.

A

0.1 mSv

30
Q

T or F: Many excess cancer deaths have been predicted to occur in the 2 million people living within 50 miles of the 2 Mile Island nuclear reactor plant at the time of the accident

A

False

31
Q

Includes uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

A

Terrestrial radiation

32
Q

The mass of an alpha particle is approximately ____ times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron

A

four

33
Q

Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon

A

Wave-particle duality

34
Q

Considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States

A

Radon exposure

35
Q

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than:

A

4 pCi/L

36
Q

The total average annual radiation equivalent dose for estimated levels of radiation exposure for humans

A

2.0 mSv

37
Q

Helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays

A

Atmosphere, earth’s magnetic field

38
Q

Cosmic radiation occurs in these two forms

A

Solar, Galactic

39
Q

The first decay product of radium

A

Radon

40
Q

Radiation included in atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters

A

Man-made radiation

41
Q

The latent period for most radiation-induced cancers

A

15 plus years

42
Q

Radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom

A

Characteristic photon or characteristic x-ray

43
Q

The number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy during the process of photoelectric absorption

A

Fluorescent yield

44
Q

Since the density of air is approximately __ than that of soft tissue, a given volume of air will interact with far fewer x-ray photons than adjacent regions of soft tissue, thereby permitting more radiation to reach the image receptor

A

1000 time smaller/less

45
Q

Coherent scattering is most likely to occur at less than _____ keV

A

10

46
Q

Interaction that results in the conversion of matter into energy

A

Annihilation reaction

47
Q

Another term for coherent scattering

A

Characteristic

48
Q

Interactions between x-ray photons with matter that involve a matter–antimatter annihilation reaction

A

Pair production

49
Q

Considered to be a form of antimatter

A

Positron

50
Q

Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge

A

X-ray photons

51
Q

Compton scattering is synonymous with:

A

incoherent scattering

52
Q

Atomic number of an atom

A

Z number

53
Q

Two interactions between x-radiation and matter that may result in the production of small-angle scatter

A

Coherent scattering and Compton scattering

54
Q

In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy ___________ than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit.

A

as large or larger

55
Q

An incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves

A

Coherent scatter

56
Q

The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption __ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms __.

A

increases; increases

57
Q

By-products of photoelectric absorption

A

Photoelectron and characteristic photon

58
Q

Is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

59
Q

Effective atomic number of compact bone

A

13.8

60
Q

X-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production

A

1.022 MeV

61
Q

Fluorescent radiation is also known as

A

characteristic radiation

62
Q

When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instead of emerging from the atom as characteristic radiation. What is this electron called?

A

Auger electron

63
Q

results in all-directional scatter

A

Compton interaction

RWMC School Of Radiology (4 decks)

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