health, health determinants Flashcards
Health (Dictionary Definition)
- Condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit
- Freedom from disease or pain
- General condition of the body
Health (IOM Definition)
- State of well-being
- Capability to function amid changing circumstances
- Emphasizes social, personal, and physical resources
Health (WHO Definition)
- Complete physical, mental, and social well-being
- Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health as a Human Right (WHO)
- Highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right
- No distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition
Health, Security, and Role of Governments
- Health is essential for peace and security
- Requires cooperation among individuals and states
- Governments are responsible for providing adequate health and social measures
Determinants of Health
- Environment (20%)
- Heredity (20%)
- Access to health services (10%)
- Personal behaviors and lifestyle (50%)
- Context shapes these factors
Determinants of Health: Physical Environment
- Natural: air, water, land pollution
- Built: housing, workplace, transportation, road design, communication systems
- Affects health directly and indirectly
Example of Physical Environment
- Pollution from industrialization
- Pollution from public transport
Determinants of Health: Socioeconomic Environment
- Low socioeconomic status: associated with poor sanitation, nutrition, housing, health care access, stress, higher disease burden
- Poor parental health affects child development
Example of Socioeconomic Environment
- Poor neighborhoods
- Unemployment
- Compromised early childhood development from poor parental health
Determinants of Health: Sociopolitical Environment
- Factors like war, military occupation, famine, refugee situations
- Adversely affects health
Example of Sociopolitical Environment
- Russia-Ukraine war
Determinants of Health: Sociocultural Environment
- Cultural beliefs, traditions, practices affecting health behaviors and access
- Availability of social support networks
Example of Sociocultural Environment
- Women needing permission to see a doctor
- Gender roles impacting decision-making
- Social support networks improving health
Determinants of Health: Genetics and Heredity
- Biological and genetic predispositions to diseases
- Varies by race/ethnicity
Example of Genetics and Heredity
- Higher risk of diseases in African-Americans
Determinants of Health: Personal Behaviors and Lifestyle
- Diet, exercise, smoking, substance use, alcohol, coping skills
- Overall lifestyle choices including sexual behavior
Example of Personal Behaviors and Lifestyle
- Family support
- Social networks
- Smoking, alcohol use, diet, exercise
Determinants of Health: Access to and Use of Health Services
- Access depends on availability, organization, and payment for services
- Factors affecting access
Example of Access to and Use of Health Services
- Geographic distribution
- Cultural appropriateness
- Clinics available but underused
Behavioral Model of Health Services Use
- Influenced by perceived need, predisposing factors (age, gender, beliefs), enabling factors (income, resources)
Example of Behavioral Model of Health Services Use
- Predisposing factors: age, gender, health-related beliefs
- Enabling factors: income, insurance, resources
Social Determinants of Health
- Economic and social conditions influencing health disparities
- Conditions affecting health outcomes
Example of Social Determinants of Health
- Differences in health outcomes among communities (e.g., Queens, Harlem, Manhattan)
12 Key Determinants of Health (Health Canada)
- Income & social status
- Employment
- Education
- Social environment
- Physical environment
- Healthy child development
- Personal health practices
- Coping skills
- Health services
- Social support
- Biologic & genetic endowment
- Gender
- Culture
Difference Between Determinants of Health and Social Determinants
- Determinants include genetic and personal behavior factors
- Social determinants focus on economic and social conditions affecting health
Impact of Social Determinants
- Drive health disparities
- Shaped by public policies reflecting political values and priorities
- Conditions influencing disease risk and vulnerability
Example of Impact of Social Determinants
- Income distribution
- Wealth
- Social conditions affecting health
Social Determinants: Health Disparities
- Conditions under which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
- Responsible for health disparities within and across populations
Examples of Social Determinants
- Risk factors in living conditions (e.g., income distribution, power dynamics)
- Influence disease risk and vulnerability to injury
- Shaped by public policies
Example of Health Disparities
- Poor health linked to high workforce turnover, low labor participation, reduced investment, diversion of public resources
- Further reduces access to quality health services
Effects of Poor Socioeconomic Environment
- Low socioeconomic status leads to higher disease burden
- Linked to poor sanitation, nutrition, housing, health care access, education, and increased psychosocial stress
Example of Effects of Poor Socioeconomic Environment
- Poor child development impacting physical, cognitive, and social attainment
