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PUBH 3001 > Health Exam #2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Health Exam #2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define Fomite

A

inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and transferring them from one individual to another.

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2
Q

What is the relationship between fomites and hospital acquired infections?

A 
Fomites are possible routes to pass pathogens between patients, as the infectious organisms could live on:
• clothing
• bedding
• stethoscopes
• IV drip tubes
• catheters
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3
Q

What are the parts of the chain of infection? (6, in order)

A
  1. Infectious Agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Mode of Transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Susceptible Host
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4
Q

Define Infectious Agent

A

Any microorganism that can cause a disease

ex: bacterium, virus, parasite, helminth (worms)

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5
Q

Define Reservoir

A

The place where the microorganism resides, thrives, and reproduces

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6
Q

Define Portal of Exit

A

The place where the organism leaves the reservoir

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7
Q

Define Mode of Transmission

A

The means by which an organism transfers from one carrier to another, either by:
• direct transmission (direct contact between the infectious host and susceptible host)
or
• indirect transmission (involving an intermediate carrier)

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8
Q

Define Portal of Entry

A

The opening where an infectious disease enters the host’s body

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9
Q

Define Susceptible Host

A

The person who is at risk for developing an infection from the disease

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10
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the INFECTIOUS AGENT stage?

A
  • Preventative treatment to those who may be exposed
  • Rapidly identify the pathogen
  • Give prompt treatment to those infected
  • Good health and hygiene
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11
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the RESERVOIR stage?

A
  • Good health and hygiene
  • Environmental sanitation
  • Disinfection/Sterilization
  • Hand hygiene
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12
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the PORTAL OF EXIT stage?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Control of excretions and secretions
  • Proper attire
  • Appropriate disposal of trash and waste
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13
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the MODE OF TRANSMISSION stage?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Proper food handling
  • Isolation procedures
  • Airflow control
  • Disinfection/Sterilization
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14
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the PORTAL OF ENTRY stage?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Wound care
  • Catheter care
  • Aseptic technique
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15
Q

How can we interrupt the chain of infection at the SUSCEPTIBLE HOST stage?

A
  • Treatment of primary disease

* Recognizing high risk clients

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16
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for individuals who haven’t developed immunity. When many people are vaccinated, it’s difficult for a disease to spread because there are so few susceptible people left to infect, which therefore stops the spread of disease in a community.

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17
Q

What is polio?

A

A highly infectious and incurable viral disease that spreads from person to person and invades the nervous system, often causing paralysis.

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18
Q

Why hasn’t polio been eradicated?

A

Not everyone is being vaccinated, whether it’s due to personal choice or because of poor governance unreliably vaccinating children.

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19
Q

What disease(s) have been globally eradicated?

A

only smallpox

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20
Q

What are five ways that HIV can be transmitted?

A
  • Sexual contact with an infected person
  • Sharing needles, syringes, or other injection equipment with someone who is infected
  • Mother-to-child transmission
  • Transmission in healthcare settings
  • Transmission via donated blood or blood clotting factors
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21
Q

What are some (3) reasons why it is difficult to eradicate infectious diseases?

A
  • Organisms almost invariably evolve mechanisms of resistance
  • Evolution of antimicrobial resistance is enhanced by overuse of antibiotics in animals and inappropriate use in humans
  • Many viruses such as influenza virus rapidly develop mutations even in a single brief replication cycle
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22
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A
  • Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • Blood pressure
  • Diabetes/Pre-Diabetes
  • Overweight/Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Diet
  • Stress
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23
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Family history of CHD
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24
Q

What is the most common cause of disability in the US?

A

Arthritis, with ~50% of those afflicted having trouble with usual activities

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25
Q

What is the leading cause of kidney failure, lower limb amputations (other than those caused by injury), and new cases of blindness among adults?

A

Diabetes

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26
Q

Diabetes Mellitus causes…

A

long term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs

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27
Q

What is the number one killer of both men and women in the US?

A

coronary heart disease (CHD)

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28
Q

What is another major killer/disabler?

A

chronic lung disease

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29
Q

Define HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein
• Helps remove cholesterol from the arteries
• Considered “good” cholesterol

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30
Q

Define LDL

A

Low Density Lipoprotein
• Carries cholesterol to tissues, including the heart’s arteries
• Raises risk of CHD

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31
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Occurs when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic cells that make insulin, which regulates blood glucose.

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32
Q

Risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes

A

autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors

33
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Usually begins as insulin resistance with cells not using insulin properly, and as the need for insulin rises, the pancreas loses its ability to produce insulin.

34
Q

Risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Older age
  • Obesity
  • Family history of diabetes
  • History of gestational diabetes
  • Impaired glucose metabolism
  • Physical Inactivity
  • Race/Ethnicity (esp. Blacks, Latinos, American Indians, Asians, native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders)
35
Q

What target has been set by the WHO to reduce global non-communicable diseases?

A

25% reduction in non-communicable diseases by 2025, by providing foundation for advocacy, raising awareness, reinforcing political commitment, and promoting global action.

36
Q

Define Ethnocentrism

A

Viewing other cultures solely through the “eyes” of your own society

37
Q

Define Cultural Relativism

A

Recognizing that cultures differ, and can be evaluated only according to their own standards and values

38
Q

What are the five cultural explanations of disease?

A
  1. Body Balances
  2. Bio-Medical
  3. Emotional
  4. Supernatural
  5. Sexual
39
Q

What does the cultural explanation of BODY BALANCES entail?

A
  • Temperature
  • Energy
  • Blood
  • Dislocation
  • Problems with organs
  • Incompatibility of horoscopes
40
Q

What does the cultural explanation of BIO-MEDICAL entail?

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Unhealthy behaviors
  • Environmental exposure
  • “Mechanic” approach
41
Q

What does the cultural explanation of EMOTIONAL entail?

A
  • Fright
  • Sorrow
  • Envy
  • Stress
42
Q

What does the cultural explanation of SUPERNATURAL entail?

A
  • Bewitching
  • Demons
  • Spirit possession
  • Evil eye
  • Offending of god or gods
  • Soul loss
43
Q

What does the cultural explanation of SEXUAL entail?

A
  • Sex with forbidden person
  • Overindulgence in sex
  • Sex to remove illness
44
Q

What are the 9 therapeutic techniques based on invasiveness, in order of least invasive to most invasive?

A
  1. Meditation
  2. Talk
  3. Bioenergetic manipulation
  4. Massage
  5. Manipulation
  6. Insertion
  7. Ingestion
  8. Injection
  9. Surgery
45
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of MEDITATION entail?

A
  • sitting

* art

46
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of TALK entail?

A

• prayer

47
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of BIOENERGETIC MANIPULATION entail?

A
  • chanting
  • touch
  • hands-on
  • visualization
48
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of MASSAGE entail?

A

• massage

49
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of MANIPULATION entail?

A
  • Bodywork
  • Immersion (water/heat)
  • Exercise (meditative)
  • Dance
  • Drumming
50
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of INSERTION entail?

A

• acupuncture

51
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of INJECTION entail?

A

• pharmaceuticals

52
Q

What does the therapeutic technique of SURGERY entail?

A
  • major surgery

* minor surgery

53
Q

What are some environmental impacts of tobacco?

A
  • Wood is used to cure tobacco, and an estimated 494,000 acres of forest are cut down each year
  • Tobacco leeches nutrients from the soil, requiring more fertilizer use; runoff from fields pollutes watershed vital for drinking water
  • Cigarette butts are a major source of litter
54
Q

How many chemicals are in a single cigarette, and what are some examples?

A 
4,000 chemicals, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic.
• formaldehyde
• benzene
• polonium-210
• vinyl chloride
• carbon monoxide
• hydrogen cyanide
• butane
• ammonia
• toluene
• cadmium 
• lead
• arsenic
• chromium
55
Q

Define Epidemic

A

The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature clearly in excess of normal expectancy

56
Q

Define Endemic

A

The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area, or the usual prevalence of a disease within such an area.

57
Q

What percentage of people infected with West Nile Virus don’t develop any symptoms?

A

about 80%

58
Q

What percentage of people develop West Nile Fever, and what are their symptoms?

A 
about 20%
• headaches
• body aches
• fever
• skin rashes
• swollen lymph glands
59
Q

How many people develop West Nile encephalitis, meningitis, or West Nile poliomyelitis, and what can their symptoms include?

A 
about 1 in 150
• fever
• stupor
• disorientation
• coma
• tremors
• convulsions
• weakness
• paralysis
60
Q

__ out of ___ college students are overweight or obese

A

3 out of 10

61
Q

__ out of ___ college students don’t eat the recommended 5 servings of fruits and vegetables

A

9 out of 10

62
Q

__ out of ___ college students don’t get 30 minutes of vigorous exercise 3 times per week

A

6 out of 10

63
Q

What are the work-related physical activity trends for the United Kingdom?

A
  • It’s more common to own second cars and labor-saving appliances
  • As of 2005, 39% of men worked in active jobs (a 4% decrease from 1991-1992)
64
Q

What are the work-related physical activity trends for China?

A
  • From 1991-2006, work-related physical activity dropped by roughly 35% in men and 46% in women
  • Physical activity around the house decreased by 66%
  • Transportation-related physical activity has decreased
65
Q

What are the four steps of emergency preparedness?

A
  1. Prevent
  2. Protect against
  3. Respond to
  4. Recover
66
Q

What populations are at risk for heat vulnerability?

A
  • individuals over 65,especially those who live alone
  • children
  • individuals with pre-existing conditions
  • individuals taking certain medications
67
Q

What are some additional risk factors for heat vulnerability?

A
  • no air conditioning
  • low socioeconomic status
  • living in urban areas (urban heat island effect)
  • living in a topmost floor of a building
  • living alone and lacking social or family ties
  • prolonged exposure to heat and sun
68
Q

What are the most commonly cited barriers toward vaccination?

A
  • unsuccessful first attempt to receive vaccination
  • structural (Hispanic)
  • fear (Hispanic)
  • less likely to visit healthcare provider for sole purpose of vaccination (African American and Hispanic)
69
Q

What are the most commonly cited attitudes toward vaccinations?

A
  • traditional healthcare beliefs (Hmong)
  • beliefs about side effects and inconvenience most influential
  • belief that influenza vaccines cause illness is a commonly held belief (African American)
  • Hispanics have significantly lower rates of opposition toward vaccination compared to all other racial/ethnic populations
70
Q

What is risk communication?

A

Risk communication is used when people need good, reliable information to make sound choices. Risk communication embodies a commitment to accuracy and an avoidance of spin.

71
Q

What characteristics should risk communication have?

A
  • contain all the information needed for effective decision making
  • be accessible
  • be understandable
72
Q

Define undernutrition

A

Nutritional deficiency resulting from lack of food or from the inability of the body to convert or absorb it

73
Q

Define malnutrition

A

Lack of proper nutrition; inadequate or unbalanced nutrition

74
Q

What is the two-way relationship between infection/disease and nutrition?

A
  • Infections affect ability to eat and/or absorb food

* Poor nutrition reduces immunity (increases susceptibility and length of infections)

75
Q

Define infant mortality

A

The number of infant deaths within the first year of life for every 1,000 live births

76
Q

Where does the US lie with infant mortality in comparison with other developed countries?

A

The US ranks 27th in infant mortality, with 6.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.
• Ranks under the Slovak Republic, Poland
• Ranks above Chile, Turkey, Mexico

77
Q

What are the short term health concerns associated with low birth weight?

A
  • respiratory distress
  • increased risk of infection (nutrition cycle connection!)
  • difficulty keeping warm
  • problems with feeding
78
Q

What are the long term health concerns associated with low birth weight?

A
  • heart problems (heart disease)
  • chronic lung disorders and respiratory issues
  • subnormal growth
  • obesity
  • cognitive issues (particularly around cognition and attention)
  • psychological well-being (behavioral issues such as hyperactivity, more issues with peers, etc.)
  • sleep apnea
  • hearing loss
79
Q

What are three missed opportunities for preventing HIV perinatal transmission?

A
  1. lack of prenatal care (or lack of good prenatal care)
  2. late maternal diagnosis (after infant is born)
  3. lack of treatment with antiretroviral medication

PUBH 3001 (11 decks)

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