Health Equity

Question 1

Determinants of health

Answer 1

Biological, environmental, behavioral, organizational, political, and social factors that contribute to the health status of individuals, groups and communities

Question 2

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 2

from the social cognitive theory refers to the dynamic interaction among the person, environment, and behavior

Question 3

Having a comparison group

Answer 3

most directly deals with the issue of internal validity in program evaluation design

Question 4

best example of intrapersonal factors that affect an individual’s behavior as outlined by the Social Ecological Model

Answer 4

Personal knowledge or skills

Question 5

methodology used during a social assessment

Answer 5

Focus groups research
Delphi method
Survey administration

Question 6

key concept in community organization and community building practice

Answer 6

Principle of relevance or “start where the people are”
Principle of participation
Critical consciousness and empowerment

Question 7

greatest impact on average life expectancy

Answer 7

Improvements in sanitation and hygiene

Question 8

According to John Wennberg and colleagues, small area variations in Medicare expenditures across geographic areas are primarily attributable to differences in

Answer 8

Physician practice styles

Question 9

Community rating basis for health insurance

Answer 9

Spreads the risk across the pool of insured

Question 10

According to Mintzberg, “the central purpose of structure [in an organization] is to”

Answer 10

Coordinate the work of the organization, which has been divided in a variety of ways

Question 11

Executive managers in a not-for-profit health care organization have an obligation to:

Answer 11

Be prudent stewards of the community’s assets

Question 12

Expectancy theory (vroom)

Answer 12

motivation to engage in a specific behavior stems from the individual’s belief about the relationship between their efforts, performance, and desired outcomes.

Question 13

Two-factor theory (Herzberg)

Answer 13

developed by Frederick Herzberg, is not directly applicable to public health in the same way it is to organizational settings. It focuses on factors motivating employees at work, whereas public health aims to motivate individuals to adopt healthy behaviors or participate in health programs within a broader societal context. However, some key elements of the theory can offer insights relevant to public health initiatives.

Question 14

Theory X

Answer 14

Assumptions about employees:
Dislikes work and avoids it whenever possible.
Lacks ambition and prefers to be directed.
Needs constant supervision and control.
Dislikes responsibility and seeks security above all.
Has little creativity and ingenuity.

Management style:
Command-and-control approach.
Micromanagement and close supervision.
Threats and punishments for poor performance.
Rewards focused on extrinsic factors like pay or benefits.

Impact on public health:
Can breed distrust, low morale, and decreased productivity among public health workers.
May lead to employees feeling unvalued and demotivated, hindering creativity and innovation in addressing public health challenges.
Can create a hierarchical environment that discourages collaboration and information sharing.

Question 15

Theory Y

Answer 15

Assumptions about employees:
Finds work natural and satisfying.
Seeks responsibility and enjoys challenges.
Self-directed and capable of independent problem-solving.
Creative and willing to contribute to decision-making.
Motivated by intrinsic factors like personal growth and achievement.

Management style:
Participative and empowering approach.
Focus on delegation and providing autonomy.
Positive reinforcement and encouragement.
Rewards focused on intrinsic factors like recognition and skill development.

Impact on public health:
Can increase employee engagement, motivation, and job satisfaction.
Fosters creativity and innovation in tackling public health challenges.
Creates a collaborative and supportive environment that encourages information sharing and knowledge exchange.

Question 16

best characterizes the “iron triangle” logic of U.S. health care policy goals

Answer 16

Making necessary tradeoffs to achieve acceptable quality of and access to health services while controlling cost

Question 17

best characterizes a progressive employee discipline process

Answer 17

The discipline process is structured as a staged series of increasingly severe responses to chronic violations of accepted rules of behavior.

Question 18

Healthy People 2020

Answer 18

Identify, Understand, Develop, Implement, Monitor, Advocate

Question 19

Harm reductions

Answer 19

practical and non-judgmental approach to minimizing the negative consequences associated with risky behaviors, particularly drug use. It focuses on meeting people “where they’re at”, respecting their choices, and empowering them to make safer choices without requiring abstinence.

Question 20

Community organization

Answer 20

the process of bringing people together in a defined geographic area or around a shared identity to identify collective needs, develop solutions, and take action to improve their health and well-being.
-It emphasizes participatory decision-making, collective empowerment, and collaboration to address social and environmental factors that impact health.

Question 21

Behavior change

Answer 21

efforts aimed at modifying individuals’ or groups’ thoughts, attitudes, and actions to promote well-being and prevent disease.