Health equity

Question 1

Health equity

Answer 1

the attainment of the highest level of health for all people
additionally, no one is disadvantaged from attaining the highest level of health, because of social position or other socially determined circumstance s

-healthy people and cdc

Question 2

Health Inequity

Answer 2

difference in health outcomes, rooted in social and structural inequities that are avoidable, unfair and unjust

-NACCHO and PBHC

Question 3

Health disparities

Answer 3

the metrics we use to measure progress toward achieving health equity

-paul braveman

Question 4

determinant of health

Answer 4

social and economic factors 40%

health behaviors 30%

genes and biology is 10%

clinical care 10%

physical environment 10%

Question 5

social factors attributable deaths

Answer 5

-low education (highest deaths) 245,000
-racial segregation
-low social support
-poverty (individual and -area)
-income inequality

-Acute MI
-cerebrovascular disease
-lung cancer

Question 6

social determinants of health

Answer 6

1 education access and quality

2. health care access and quality
3. economic stability

4.neighborhood and environment

5. social and community context

Question 7

economic stability

Answer 7

-employment
-income
-expenses
-medical bills
-support
-debt

Question 8

neighborhood and physical environment

Answer 8

-housing
-transportation
-safety
-parks
-playgrounds
-walkability
-zip code and geography

Question 9

education

Answer 9

literacy
language
early childhood education
vocational training
higher education

Question 10

food

Answer 10

hunger
access healthy options

Question 11

community and social context

Answer 11

social integration
support systems
community engagement
discrimination
stress

Question 12

health care system

Answer 12

-health coverage
-provider availability
-provider linguistic and
-cultural competency
-quality of care

Question 13

Health Outcomes

Answer 13

Mortality, Morbidity, Life Expectancy, Health Care Expenditures, Health Status, Functional Limitations

Question 14

WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health

Answer 14

The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

The structural roots of health inequities lie within education, taxation, labor and housing markets, urban planning, government regulation, health care systems, all of which are powerful determinants of health, and ones over which individuals have little or no direct personal control but can only be altered through social and economic policies and political processes.”

Question 15

Health Impact Pyramid

Answer 15

increasing population impact will: decrease the counseling and education, clinical interventions, long lasting protection interventions, changing the context to make individuals default decisions healthy

there is a increasing need of individual effort needed in these areas

Question 16

inequality

Answer 16

unequal access to opportunities

Question 17

equality

Answer 17

evenly distributed tools and assistance

Question 18

equity

Answer 18

is the customs and tool used to address inequality

Question 19

justice

Answer 19

fixing a system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities

Question 20

institutional racism

Answer 20

occurs on a level of institutions.
This is when policies, practices, and systems within institutions create and sustain racialized outcomes, either intentionally or unintentionally.

Question 21

racial equity

Answer 21

both an outcome and a process. we achieve RACIAL EQUITY when race no longer determines outcomes

we apply racial equity when those most impacted by racism are involved in decisions that impact their lives

Question 22

intersectionality

Answer 22

refers to a view of seeing different forms of inequalities and work together and exacerbate(worsen) each other, for example inequalities based on race, sexuality, gender, class, etc. can simultaneously affect an individuals

Question 23

structural racism

Answer 23

Occurs underneath, all around, and across institutions and society.
Cumulative and compounded effects of factors that systematically privilege white people and disadvantage people of color

Question 24

key indicator of the health & well-being of a society

Answer 24

Maternal Mortality

Out of 11 of the most industrialized & high income countries, the US has the highest rates of
maternal mortality and this rate is continuing to grow.

Question 25

66% to 80%

Answer 25

pregnancy related deaths in the US can be prevented.

U.S. 2020= 23.8 deaths per 100K births

Question 26

3 measures to describe maternal deaths in US

Answer 26

Pregnancy-associated mortality: Deaths during pregnancy and up to 1 year after, regardless of cause

Pregnancy-related mortality: Death during and up to a year after, from any cause related to pregnancy or its effects

***Maternal mortality:Death during or within the last 42 days of pregnancy, from any cause related to pregnancy or its management

Question 27

Non -Hispanic blacks- maternal mortality

Answer 27

have highest death rates, worsening each year

Question 28

the maternal morality rates have increased every year for all races

Answer 28

YES

Question 29

While maternal mortality rates are the highest in all age groups. Women ≥40 have the highest of all.

Answer 29

TRUE, 40 and older have highest mortality rates

Question 30

black women face 3x the mortality risk than whites

Answer 30

Maternal mortality rate for Black women:
55.3 deaths per 100,000 live births

Question 31

Maternal mortality rate for women aged ≥ 40:

Answer 31

107.9 deaths per 100,000 live births
About 7.8 times higher than the rate for women under age 25

Question 32

Common causes of maternal death for Black Women compared to non black women are

Answer 32

-Cardiomyopathy,
-thrombotic pulmonary embolism,
-hypertensive disorders

Question 33

stats for black women vs white women

Answer 33

-Postpartum cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia & eclampsia were 5 times higher…
-Obstetric embolism were 2.3 times higher…
-Obstetric hemorrhage were 2.6 times higher…

Question 34

Why do disparities exists?

Answer 34

1. structural racism: legalizing and normalizing of system placed by society (workplace, healthcare systems and schools) reinforce racists agendas.
2. implicit bias: Unintentional association towards a group of people, which affects judgements, decisions & behaviors
3. Underlying chronic conditions- more likely to experience conditions like hypertension diabetes and cardiovascular disease
4. Variations in healthcare quality: there is a smaller percentage of OB GYNs and nurses who are black

Question 35

common misconceptions- people will interpret health inequities in 3 frames of status quo

Answer 35

1. personal responsibility
   unfortunate but not unjust
2. nothing can be done

overcoming resistance requires creating opportunities for people to challenge their own assumptions

Question 36

Redlining & Housing Segregation

Answer 36

Redline and Housing Segregation: housing segregation contributes to disparities in health, income, jobs, education

BECUASE fha WOULD refuse the african american morgages they had to live in segregated proverty areas.

Federal Housing Administration, which was established in 1934, furthered the segregation efforts by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods — a policy known as “redlining.”
At the same time, the FHA was subsidizing builders who were mass-producing entire subdivisions for whites — with the requirement that none of the homes be sold to African-Americans.

In fact, when African-Americans tried to buy homes in all-white neighborhoods or in mostly white neighborhoods, property values rose because African-Americans were more willing to pay more for properties than whites were, simply because their housing supply was so restricted and they had so many fewer choices.

On the maps these areas where african americans lived were marked red

Question 37

Math Scores Fell in Nearly Every State, and Reading Dipped on National Exam

Answer 37

We need to be doing something to target our resources better at those students who have been just historically underserve.

The pandemic laid bare the deep and troubling inequalities that dominate many aspects of American life — especially in education.

In fourth grade, for both math and reading, students in the bottom 25th percentile lost more ground compared with students at the top of their class, leaving the low-performing students further behind.

And Black and Hispanic students, who started out behind white and Asian peers, experienced sharper declines than those groups in fourth-grade math.

Black and Hispanic students are more likely to attend schools segregated in poverty, and those schools stayed remote for longer than wealthier schools did during the pandemic, deepening divide.

the lack of access to in person class further worsened inequalities of education for colored students.

Question 38

PROBLEMS WITH overturned rode vs wade

Answer 38

Black, Hispanic, women have more limited access to health care, which affects women’s access to contraception and other sexual health services that are important for pregnancy planning.

Many women of color also report discrimination/ These factors have contributed to medical mistrust, which some women cite as a reason that they may not access contraception.

In addition, inequities across broader social and economic factors such as income, housing, and safety and education — that drive health, often referred to as social determinants.

women across racial and ethnic groups DID NOT WANT the Supreme Court to overturn the Roe v. Wade decision and oppose criminalizing clinicians who provide abortion services. BECAUSE WOMEN CAN MAKE OWN DECISIONS.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization- up to each state to make laws NOT FEDERAL ANYMORE

Question 39

BLACKS AND INCARCERATION

Answer 39

Our jails and prisons are filled with people who have been targeted by overpolicing for conduct related to homelessness, substance use, and mental health.
Too many people of color have been killed at the hands of the police.
Many people who can’t pay court fines and fees or bail for minor violations face license suspensions and jail time, essentially criminalizing poverty.
Prosecutors perpetuate an unjust system that imprisons more people than anywhere in the world.

Question 40

FACTORS OF INCARATION

Answer 40

GEOGRAPHY: roughly half of all people incarcerated in local jails are in smaller cities and rural communities.

state level: the story of U.S. incarceration has been one of remarkable growth

WOMEN: women of color single moms low income.
the number of women held in local jails and prisons has grown exponentially in the last several decades, outpacing rates of growth for men.

RACISM: People of color―and Black people in particular―are incarcerated at strikingly higher rates than white people in jails and prisons across the country.