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BIOLOGY YEAR 10 > Health, Disease and Cancer > Flashcards

Health, Disease and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

Risk factor

A

any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases likelihood of developing a disease or injury

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3
Q

General avoidable risk factors(6)

A

-Poor diet
-Lack of exercise
-Smoking
-Excessive alcohol consumption
-Drug abuse
-Hygiene and sanitation

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4
Q

General unavoidable risk factors(4)

A

-Race
-Age
-Gender
-Genetics

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5
Q

Risk factors for Non-communicable diseases(7)

A

-Poor diet
-Lack of exercise
-Smoking
-Excessive alcohol consumption
-Exposure to carcinogens
-UV light
-Genes

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6
Q

Examples of how diseases can cause other diseases(4)

A

-Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
-Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers
-Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
-Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness

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7
Q

Diseases

A

disorders that affect part or all of an organ

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8
Q

Communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by infections that are transmitted from one person to another or from animals

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9
Q

Examples of communicable diseases(3)

A

-Measles
-Salmonella
-COVID-19

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10
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

diseases that aren’t caused by infections and don’t pass from person to person

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11
Q

Examples of non-communicable diseases(2)

A

-Cancer
-Diabetes

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12
Q

Consequences of poor diet(2)

A

-Cardiovascular diseases
-Diabetes

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13
Q

Consequences of high levels of stress(3)

A

-High blood pressure
-Cardiovascular disease
-Strokes

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14
Q

Consequences of life situation (i.e. poverty, recent bereavement) (3)

A

-Mental health issues
-Communicable diseases
-Strokes(from stress)

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15
Q

How does being overweight increase risk of strokes?

A

Being overweight means high levels of cholesterol, meaning narrowing of arteries, meaning clot/blockage in the brain causing a stroke

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16
Q

How could an infection increase the change of asthma?

A

A virus or bacteria infection i.e. a cold or bronchitis, can infect the lungs meaning more mucus and increasing the chances of an asthma attack

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17
Q

What countries are mostly affected by NCDs?

A

HICs

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18
Q

Causal risk factors of Cardiovascular disease(3)

A

-Poor diet
-Smoking
-No exercise

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19
Q

Causal risk factor of Type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

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20
Q

Causal risk factor of Lung disease and Lung Cancer

A

Smoking

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21
Q

Causal risk factors of Cancer(2)

A

-Carcinogens
-Radiation

22
Q

Causal risk factor of Liver disease and brain damage

A

Alcohol

23
Q

Causal risk factor of Low birth weight or premature birth

A

Smoking

24
Q

Causal risk factor of abnormal foetal brain development

A

Alcohol

25
Q

Cancer

A

The result of changes of cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

26
Q

How does cancer start?

A

When gene changes make one cell or a few cells begin to grow and multiply too much- this may cause a growth called a tumour

27
Q

What are benign and malignant tumours, and what is the difference between them?

A

Benign tumours are tumours which do not spread from their original location and are generally harmless

Malignant tumours are tumours that grow uncontrollably and spread to other areas

Benign tumours aren’t cancerous, whereas malignant tumours are

28
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genes that happens by chance during cell division

29
Q

Ways genes can be faulty(3)

A

-Some could be missing
-Damaged
-Wrong order
-Too many copies of 1 gene

30
Q

Genes

A

Instructions that tell the cell to make something i.e. protein, RNA

31
Q

What is DNA and where is it found?

A

Found as long strings inside genes, coded messages that tell the cell how to behave

32
Q

How does the protein and RNA in cells influence and control them?(4)

A

Decides:
-the type of cell
-function of cell
-when it divides
-when it dies

33
Q

Metastases

A

Secondary site of cancer, when cancerous cells from the primary site break away and spread to another part of the body

34
Q

Breast cancer risk factors(4)

A

-Age
-Gender
-Inherited genes
-Race and ethnicity

35
Q

Areas of the body Breast cancer affects(2)

A

-Non-invasive breast cancer is found inside the ducts of the breast
-Invasive breast cancer can spread outside the breast

36
Q

Methods of preventing breast cancer(4)

A

-Regular exercise
-Healthy diet
-Breastfeeding
-Breast cancer screening for those over the age of 45 using a mammogram

37
Q

Cervical cancer risk factors(7)

A

-HPV virus
-Smoking
-STIs
-Being overweight
-Long term use of oral contraceptives
-Family history
-Having multiple pregnancies

38
Q

Area of the body Cervical cancer affects

A

-A woman’s cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina)

39
Q

Methods of preventing Cervical cancer(4)

A

-Using condoms
-HPV vaccination
-NHS carries out routine cervical smear tests for women over 25
-Do not smoke

40
Q

Lung cancer risk factors(5)

A

-Smoking by far(causes 86% of cases)
-Air pollution
-Exposure to radon gas
-Previous lung diseases
-Family history

41
Q

Area of the body Lung cancer affects

A

Lungs

42
Q

Methods of preventing Lung cancer(4)

A

-Don’t smoke
-Stay away from smokers
-Healthy diet
-Exercise

43
Q

Brain cancer risk factors(7)

A

-Age
-Radiation
-Previous cancers
-Genetic history
-Obesity
-Smoking
-Alcohol

44
Q

Area of the body Brain cancer affects

A

Brain

45
Q

Methods of preventing Brain cancer(4)

A

-Don’t drink alcohol
-Don’t smoke
-Healthy diet
-Exercise

46
Q

Testicular cancer risk factors(8)

A

-Abnormalities
-Age
-Ethnicity
-Family history
-Height (taller means higher risk)
-Smoking
-Infertility
-STIs

47
Q

Area of the body Testicular cancer affects

A

Testicles

48
Q

Methods of preventing Testicular cancer(3)

A

-Safe sex
-Don’t smoke
-Check for lumps

49
Q

Skin cancer risk factors(8)

A

-Radiation
-Sunbeds
-Light skin
-Red hair
-Age
-Family history
-Sunburns
-Moles/Freckles

50
Q

Area of the body Testicular cancer affects

A

There are 2 types of Testicular cancer:
-Non-melanoma develops in the upper layers of the skin

-Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that spreads to other organs in the body
-Melanoma is an aggressive cancer which tends to spread

51
Q

Methods of preventing Skin cancer(4)

A

-Wear high factor sun cream
-Stay out of the sun in the heat of the day
-Do not use sunbeds
-Wear a hat and sunglasses

52
Q

Carcinogens

A

Chemicals that cause cancer

BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (4 decks)

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