Health, Disease and Cancer Flashcards by Priyan Yaddehige

Health

The state of physical and mental well-being

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Risk factor

any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases likelihood of developing a disease or injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General avoidable risk factors(6)

-Poor diet
-Lack of exercise
-Smoking
-Excessive alcohol consumption
-Drug abuse
-Hygiene and sanitation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General unavoidable risk factors(4)

-Race
-Age
-Gender
-Genetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Risk factors for Non-communicable diseases(7)

-Poor diet
-Lack of exercise
-Smoking
-Excessive alcohol consumption
-Exposure to carcinogens
-UV light
-Genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of how diseases can cause other diseases(4)

-Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
-Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers
-Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
-Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diseases

disorders that affect part or all of an organ

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Communicable diseases

diseases caused by infections that are transmitted from one person to another or from animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of communicable diseases(3)

-Measles
-Salmonella
-COVID-19

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-communicable diseases

diseases that aren’t caused by infections and don’t pass from person to person

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of non-communicable diseases(2)

-Cancer
-Diabetes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consequences of poor diet(2)

-Cardiovascular diseases
-Diabetes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consequences of high levels of stress(3)

-High blood pressure
-Cardiovascular disease
-Strokes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consequences of life situation (i.e. poverty, recent bereavement) (3)

-Mental health issues
-Communicable diseases
-Strokes(from stress)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does being overweight increase risk of strokes?

Being overweight means high levels of cholesterol, meaning narrowing of arteries, meaning clot/blockage in the brain causing a stroke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How could an infection increase the change of asthma?

A virus or bacteria infection i.e. a cold or bronchitis, can infect the lungs meaning more mucus and increasing the chances of an asthma attack

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What countries are mostly affected by NCDs?

HICs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causal risk factors of Cardiovascular disease(3)

-Poor diet
-Smoking
-No exercise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causal risk factor of Type 2 diabetes

Obesity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causal risk factor of Lung disease and Lung Cancer

Smoking

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causal risk factors of Cancer(2)

-Carcinogens
-Radiation

Causal risk factor of Liver disease and brain damage

Alcohol

Causal risk factor of Low birth weight or premature birth

Smoking

Causal risk factor of abnormal foetal brain development

Alcohol

Cancer

The result of changes of cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

How does cancer start?

When gene changes make one cell or a few cells begin to grow and multiply too much- this may cause a growth called a tumour

What are benign and malignant tumours, and what is the difference between them?

Benign tumours are tumours which do not spread from their original location and are generally harmless Malignant tumours are tumours that grow uncontrollably and spread to other areas Benign tumours aren't cancerous, whereas malignant tumours are

Mutation

A change in the genes that happens by chance during cell division

Ways genes can be faulty(3)

-Some could be missing -Damaged -Wrong order -Too many copies of 1 gene

Genes

Instructions that tell the cell to make something i.e. protein, RNA

What is DNA and where is it found?

Found as long strings inside genes, coded messages that tell the cell how to behave

How does the protein and RNA in cells influence and control them?(4)

Decides: -the type of cell -function of cell -when it divides -when it dies

Metastases

Secondary site of cancer, when cancerous cells from the primary site break away and spread to another part of the body

Breast cancer risk factors(4)

-Age -Gender -Inherited genes -Race and ethnicity

Areas of the body Breast cancer affects(2)

-Non-invasive breast cancer is found inside the ducts of the breast -Invasive breast cancer can spread outside the breast

Methods of preventing breast cancer(4)

-Regular exercise -Healthy diet -Breastfeeding -Breast cancer screening for those over the age of 45 using a mammogram

Cervical cancer risk factors(7)

-HPV virus -Smoking -STIs -Being overweight -Long term use of oral contraceptives -Family history -Having multiple pregnancies

Area of the body Cervical cancer affects

-A woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina)

Methods of preventing Cervical cancer(4)

-Using condoms -HPV vaccination -NHS carries out routine cervical smear tests for women over 25 -Do not smoke

Lung cancer risk factors(5)

-Smoking by far(causes 86% of cases) -Air pollution -Exposure to radon gas -Previous lung diseases -Family history

Area of the body Lung cancer affects

Lungs

Methods of preventing Lung cancer(4)

-Don't smoke -Stay away from smokers -Healthy diet -Exercise

Brain cancer risk factors(7)

-Age -Radiation -Previous cancers -Genetic history -Obesity -Smoking -Alcohol

Area of the body Brain cancer affects

Brain

Methods of preventing Brain cancer(4)

-Don't drink alcohol -Don't smoke -Healthy diet -Exercise

Testicular cancer risk factors(8)

-Abnormalities -Age -Ethnicity -Family history -Height (taller means higher risk) -Smoking -Infertility -STIs

Area of the body Testicular cancer affects

Testicles

Methods of preventing Testicular cancer(3)

-Safe sex -Don't smoke -Check for lumps

Skin cancer risk factors(8)

-Radiation -Sunbeds -Light skin -Red hair -Age -Family history -Sunburns -Moles/Freckles

Area of the body Testicular cancer affects

There are 2 types of Testicular cancer: -Non-melanoma develops in the upper layers of the skin -Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that spreads to other organs in the body -Melanoma is an aggressive cancer which tends to spread

Methods of preventing Skin cancer(4)

-Wear high factor sun cream -Stay out of the sun in the heat of the day -Do not use sunbeds -Wear a hat and sunglasses

Carcinogens

Chemicals that cause cancer