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BIOLOGY YEAR 10 > Blood and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood and Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

The areas of the heart blood cells pass through in order(12)

A

-Vena Carva
-Right Atrium
-Atrio Ventricular Valve
-Right Ventricle
-Semi-lunar Valves
-Pulmonary Artery
-Pulmonary Vein
-Left Atrium
-Atrio Ventricular Valve
-Left Ventricle
-Semi-lunar Valves
-Aorta

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2
Q

Which side of the heart does deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enter and through what?

A

Right side through the Vena Carva

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3
Q

Which side of the heart does oxygenated blood from the lungs enter and through what?

A

Left side through the Pulmonary Vein

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4
Q

What part brings oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

The Aorta

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5
Q

How does the blood on the left side differ to blood on the right?

A

Blood on the right side (carried through veins) is deoxygenated blood and blood on the left side (carried through arteries) is oxygenated

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6
Q

What is the exception to arteries and veins carrying exclusively oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and why?

A

The Pulmonary Vein and Artery; the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs towards the heart, and the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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7
Q

Do arteries usually lead towards the heart?

A

No, they usually lead away from the heart

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8
Q

Do veins usually lead towards the heart?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Why is the heart referred to as a double pump?

A

Blood goes through the heart twice each pump

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10
Q

What tissue makes up most of the heart?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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11
Q

What does heart tissue need to keep functioning?

A

Oxygen and Glucose

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12
Q

Why is the left ventricle chamber bigger than the right?

A

Because it has to pump further around the body

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13
Q

Describe the process of the passage of deoxygenated blood through the right side of the heart (4)

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium from the Vena Carva when the Right Atrium is relaxed
  2. While the Right Ventricle is relaxed, the Right Atrium contracts and forces blood through the Atrio Ventricular valve into the Right Ventricle
  3. Then the Right Ventricle contracts and this forces blood out of the Right Ventricle, past the semi-lunar valves and along the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. At the same time, the Atrio Ventricular Valve closes, preventing blood flowing black to the Right Atrium. The Valve is anchored by Valve Tendons , to preventing it from turning inside out
    4.When the Right Ventricle relaxes again, the semi-lunar valves prevent blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the Right Ventricle
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14
Q

Describe the process of the passage of oxygenated blood through the left side of the heart (4)

A
  1. Oxygenated blood enters the Left Atrium from the Pulmonary Vein when the Left Atrium is relaxed
  2. While the Left Ventricle is relaxed, the Left Atrium contracts and forces blood through the Atrio Ventricular valve into the Left Ventricle
  3. Then the Left Ventricle contracts and this forces blood out of the Left Ventricle, past the semi-lunar valves and into the Aorta , where the blood is sent to the rest of the body. At the same time, the Atrio Ventricular Valve closes, preventing blood flowing black to the Left Atrium. The Valve is anchored by Valve Tendons , to preventing it from turning inside out
    4.When the Left Ventricle relaxes again, the semi-lunar valves prevent blood flowing back from the Aorta into the Left Ventricle
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15
Q

Why does blood move from contracted areas to relaxed areas of the heart?

A

The contraction of the muscular walls of the heart increases the pressure of the blood in that chamber, then the blood moves to a region of lower pressure

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16
Q

What does thicker heart muscles result in?

A

Thicker heart muscles are stronger than thinner ones and the stronger a muscle, the further it can pump blood when it contracts

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17
Q

Why do some animals (like humans) have a double circulatory system?

A

To maintain higher metabolic rates by not mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; if they don’t mix, blood leaving the heart is always oxygen rich, which is essential for species that live more actively than others

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18
Q

Where is the heart’s natural pacemaker found?

A

The Right Atrium wall

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19
Q

What do pacemakers do and how do they work?

A

They ensure the heart continuously beats throughout your life by sending electrical signals to the heart muscle

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20
Q

What are artificial pacemakers, how do they work and where are they placed?

A

Artificial pacemakers are small devices that help your heart pump blood when your natural pacemaker stops working.

They contain a tiny computer powered by a lithium battery and a pulse generator. The pulse generator has leads connecting it with small metal electrodes to usually the inner wall but sometimes the outer surface of your heart.

They are put just under the skin of your chest, below your collar bone.

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21
Q

Pros(1) and Cons(3) of Heart Transplants

A

Pros:
-Better quality of life

Cons:
-Major surgery
-Anti-rejection drugs required (also means greater risk of infection)
-Shortage of donors

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22
Q

Pros(3) and Cons(2) of Heart Transplants

A

Pros:
-No major surgery
-No immuno-suppressants required
-No donor required

Cons:
-Artificial valves can damage red-blood cells, patient needs anti-clotting drugs
-More of a temporary measure whilst you wait for a donor

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23
Q

Cholestorol

A

A chemical that can stick to the walls of blood vessels, can be the cause of several major health issues

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24
Q

Atheroma

A

Fatty deposits that develop from cholestorol

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25
Q

Consequences of cholesterol sticking to the lining of a coronary artery(3)

A

-Reduces flow of blood through the coronary artieries
-Lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
-Respiration cannot take place, no energy released for muscle contraction

26
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot/blood blockage

27
Q

2 main effects of the narrowing of the coronary artery

A

Angina and Cardiac Arrest

28
Q

Angina

A

A tight pain in the chest, a symptom of cardiac arrest. Occurs when coronary arteries’ inner walls build up cholestorol, narrowing the path of blood cells to the heart

29
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Heart stops beating, people experiencing angina are at risk of cardiac arrest. Occurs for same reason as cardiac arrest

30
Q

Avoidable (3) and unavoidable (3) risk factors of getting heart disease

A

Avoidable:
Smoking, diet, lack of exercise

Unavoidable:
Age, gender, genetic

31
Q

Things that reduce chances of heart disease(3)

A

-Regular Exercise
-Not smoking
-Healthy Diet

32
Q

What are the 2 main treatments of blocked coronary arteries?

A

Statins and Stents

33
Q

How do stents work?

A

A metal mesh with an uninflated balloon inside it is inserted into the blocked coronary artery. The balloon is then inflated and expands the mesh, pressing it against the wall and crushing any cholesterol against the walls. The balloon is then removed and the stent stays and supports the artery wall.

34
Q

Features of Arteries (10)
(Direction of blood flow, Oxygen content of the blood, Exception to the preceding feature, Carbon Dioxide content, blood pressure, speed of flow, pulse, thickness of wall, valves, diameter of lumen relative to wall thickness)

A

-Blood flows away from heart
-Blood is oxygenated
-Blood in the pulmonary artery is not oxygenated
-No CO2 in the blood
-High blood pressure
-Fast speed of flow
-There is a pulse
-Walls are thick
-No valves
-Small lumen compared to wall thickness

35
Q

Features of Veins (10)
(Direction of blood flow, Oxygen content of the blood, Exception to the preceding feature, Carbon Dioxide content, blood pressure, speed of flow, pulse, thickness of wall, valves, diameter of lumen relative to wall thickness)

A

-Blood flows towards the heart heart
-Blood is deoxygenated
-Blood in the pulmonary vein is oxygenated
-Some CO2 in the blood
-Low blood pressure
-Slow speed of flow
-No pulse
-Walls are thin
-There are valves
-Large lumen compared to wall thickness

36
Q

How many layers do Artery walls have?

A

4

37
Q

What are the layers of the Artery walls from innermost to outermost?(4)

A

Epithelium, Muscle layer, Elastic layer and Collagen shell

38
Q

How many layers do Vein walls have?

A

3

39
Q

What is the name of the system the heart is a part of?

A

The Circulatory System

40
Q

What are the layers of the Vein walls from innermost to outermost?(3)

A

Epithelium, Elastic tissue and Collagen Shell

41
Q

What pressure is blood in the arteries?

A

120mmHg

42
Q

What pressure is blood in the veins?

A

1 to 2mmHg

43
Q

What pressure is blood in the cappilaries?

A

10 to 20mmHg

44
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins together. Smallest vessels in the body, a single red blood cell struggles to fit through

45
Q

Where do veins tend to be located?

A

Under the surface of the skin

46
Q

Where do arteries tend to be located?

A

Deep beneath the skin

47
Q

Where do capillaries tend to be located?

A

Throughout all tissue

48
Q

Functions of blood (9)

A

-Transports oxygen from lungs to everywhere else
-Carries CO2 from cells back to lungs
-Carries nutrients from digestive system to all cells
-Carries waste products from cells to liver and kidneys
-Transports heat around the body
-Transports water around the body
-Transports salts around the body
-Transports white blood cells to fight infections
-Transports hormones around the body

49
Q

4 main components of blood:

A

-Red blood cells (42%)
-Platelets and Plasma (1%)
-Plasma (55%)

50
Q

Structure of red blood cells

A

Biconcave/ no nucleus

51
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body

52
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells(2)

A

-Biconcave shape to fit in small capillaries and maintain SA
-There is a chemical in it called haemoglobin that bonds with oxygen from the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin, and when the red blood cell reaches its destination, they break off and release the oxygen
-No nucleus for more space for haemoglobin so more oxygen can be carried

53
Q

Structure of white blood cells(2)

A

-Flexible
-Has anti-biotics
-Contains Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

54
Q

Function of white blood cells (4)

A

-Kills micro-organisms

55
Q

Adaptations of white blood cells (2)

A

-Contains Phagocytes, which kill organisms with powerful enzymes
-Contains Lymphocytes, which produce anti-bodies that clump and can be destroyed

56
Q

Structure of Platelets

A

-Small fragments found suspended in blood with no nucleus
-Broken down pieces of cells

57
Q

Function of platelets

A

-Helps blood clot wounds
-When the walls of blood vessels are damaged platelets seal and clot the wound
-This prevents blood cells from being lost and stops micro-organisms entering the wound

58
Q

Function of Plasma

A

Carries the contents of the blood

59
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a phagocytes engulf bacterium

60
Q

ADD COMPOSITION OF BLOOD STUFF

A

ADD COMPOSITION OF BLOOD STUFF

BIOLOGY YEAR 10 (4 decks)

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