Health Believes Flashcards
What beliefs are thought to regulate health behavior?
Perceived threat of illness the perceived susceptibility of the person to the disease as well as the perceived benefits and costs of performing the health behaviour
What guides patients heath behaviours
Perceptions of threat and possible outcomes of a disease not the actual threat and susceptibility of a disease or its outcomes
Why do we want to modify health behaviours? (Taylors model)
Reduces the number of deaths from diseases related to lifestyle
increases individuals quality of life and longevity
reduces the amount of money and resources spent on managing diseases caused by lifestyle choices and health behaviours if you spend the money to prevent it you don’t have to pay the large costs of treating the disease further down the line
What is the health belief model? what does it show?
Shows a persons readiness to take a health action is determined by:
Perceived susceptibility to the disease
Perceived severity of the disease e.g. brain tumour lots of people perceive this as very severe
Perceived benefits of taking action
Perceived barriers to taking action
Other more minor factors can include:
health motivation in the patient
demographic variables age gender ethnicity
psychological variables
cues for medial action e.g. media scare pain
How do attributions influence health behavior?
How individuals perceive the world as predictable and controllable many health related conditions are not as simple as cause and effect and many people may not appreciate or see certain health behaviours as causative agents of a disease
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Model that shows the various components that predict the likelihood of someone being able to make a change or regress to a poor health behaviour
Three major components
Attitude towards behaviour
Subjective norm
Perceived behavioural benefits
that lead to intention to perform behaviour
that then leads to performing the health behaviour
What contributes to the attitude towards behaviour in the the theory of planned behaviour?
Beliefs about outcomes and evaluation of these outcomes
What are the pros and cons of giving up this certain behaviour and taking up a better health behaviour
What contribute to the subjective norm in the theory of planned behaviour?
Beliefs of important others to the preposed/current health behaviour
Social network and media attention towards health behaviour is it known and is the risk made clear by the media and popular sector
Your motivation to comply with subjective norms and the values of society and your significant others
What contributes to the perceived behavioural control int he theory of planned behaviour?
Perceived likelihood of occurrence
Internal and external control factors
does the person have self efficacy self determination and support network to help them if times get tough?
Is it hard to do and maintain if it is they are unlikely to do the behaviour can skip straight past intention to do it
What is the clinical significance of health behaviours what makes a person more likely to undertake a health related behaviour?
Person more likely to undertake health behaviour when they believe:
Their health is important
There are susceptible to a threat that could have serious consequences
The preposed actions will be of benefit and do not have too many costs
(GP can directly help in terms of education and awareness of the above)
Others approve the action and their improvable is important
They can successfully carry out the health behaviour.
Give an example fo some cultural differences that influence health behaviour’s
Some Hawaiian cultures:
Cabbage and cucumber eaten during pregnancy will lead to an ill baby
Spiced food will lead to an agitated baby
If you are jealous of someone your baby will be born crippled,
In some Vietnamese cultures : no prenatal care sought and due date is not known; after birth, mothers forbidden to shower for 1 month.
What is the difference between compliance and adherance?
Compliance is a passive behaviour whereby the patient follows the instructions from the doctor more of a paternalistic approach
Adherence is a more positive proactive behaviour that results in a lifestyle change by the patient who must follow a daily regime such as wearing a prescribed brace
(is more communication and discussion between doctor and patient along the lines on concordance)
What is Concordance?
A two way dialect between the patient and doctor that allows the patient to lead the discussion and express there concerns questions and issues about a treatment or available treatments and the doctor facilitates discussion by providing information and then patient and doctor come to a joint decision
What is non adherence?
The failure of a patient to follow recommenced health treatment & behaviours given by a clinician
may be intentional where they purposely and actively don’t comply with the treatment perhaps due to side effects or lack of understand
Unintentional they forget to take the treatment or cannot remember how to take the treatment
What factors contribute to adherence in leys model?
understanding of the treatment what you need to do and why
memory can you remember how to take the treatment
satisfaction with care that is formed form understanding and memory of health care encounters that lead to adherence to a treatment
If you cant remember how to take it or you don’t understand how or why you are taking it this can lead to non adherence directly
What factors contribute to adherence in Stantons model?
Good doctor communication
increased knowledge and satisfaction (is linked with doctor communication if you have a strong rapport and understand doctor more likely to follow instructions trust them)
patients beliefs, locus of control and perceived social support (do they belI’ve in the treatment and that it can work do they believe they have control, do there social support network support or hinder them)
What factors contribute to adherence in Martin’s model?
Information
(patient must understand what they are supposed to do)
Motivation
(patients must be motivated to carry out treatment and want to get better)
Strategy
(patients must have a workable strategy for following treatment recommendations)
Why don’t patients comply (adhere)
Fear of side effects (or not worth benefit of treatment)
Fear of dependency
Does not fit in with lifestyle
Dissatisfaction with the doctors diagnosis or recommendations
Doctor fails to communicate properly
Financial may not be able to afford prescription
Forgetfulness
Confused about dosage
Religious reasons and societal norms that drugs are deemed a sign of weakness
How can we improve adherence?
Tell patient what you are about to tell them and stress the importance of what you are about to say
Think about the primary effect (first thing you tell them will be remembered more than things that come later)
Give specific advice that is accessible to the patient
Negotiate regimes that suit the patients routines and lifestyle
Encourage patients to take notes
Address worries or concerns
Determine social support system in either promoting or contradicting treatment
Try to anticipate barriers to compliance e.g. sing-post support groups suggest at dosset box
What is the link between physical and mental health and what model illustrates this well unlike the biomedical model that sees health and illness as qualitatively different and that illnesses don’t have psychological causes?
Psychological stress can lead to physical symptoms that can lead to symptoms
The biophscychosocial model
defines health and illness as a product of biological psychological, social, physical and spiritual facotrs
What work did Holmes and Rhae do in determining the effect of stress on health?
Quantified life events that may cause stress
different events lead to different levels of emotional response and stress
150 or less only slight illness due to stress
150-300 moderate risk of illness due to stress
300 + high risk of falling ill due to stress
What are the sings of stress?
Biochemical alterations in endorphins
physiological high blood pressure rapid shallow breathing digestive problems
behavioural sleep problems increased alcohol intake and more likely to make poor health choices such as smoking over eating
cognitive poor concentration (road traffic accidents)
emotional mood swings and irritability
What are the effects of stress
Anxiety depression low self steam lower sexual desire change in appetite constipation or diarrhoea high blood pressure menstural irregularities nausea headaches
What are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome in response to stress
Alarm stage:
first reaction to stress body recognises danger and prepares to deal with the threat (adrenaline release activation of SNS hypertension body signs)
Resistance stage:
homeostasis begins to restore balance and there is a period of recovery for repair and renewal
(stress hormones return to normal)
Exhaustion stage:
stress has continued for some time the body cannot resist the stress anymore
body runs out of adaption energy to return stressor to normal level
this is hazardous to health signs of alarm appear but are irreversible
