Health Beliefs and Cognitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 4 examples of health related behaviours

A

• Smoking • Physical activity • Diet • Weight control • Drug & alcohol use • Contraceptive use • Sunscreen use • Tooth-brushing • Safety measures • Vaccination uptake • Presenting at services • Healthcare attendance • Medication adherence • Self-monitoring • Trigger avoidance • General self-care

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2
Q

How many times less likely were those who enagaged in good health behaviours to die than those who did not (Khaw 2008)

A

4 times less likely to die

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3
Q

What is the impact equivalent of being 4 times less likely to die, by engaging in health behaviours

A

Live for 14 years more

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4
Q

Reducing obesity, smoking, physical inactivity & improving people’s diets could prevent…?

A

• Most cases of Type 2 diabetes • 50% of deaths from circulatory diseases • 30% of cancers

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5
Q

what proportion of children and adults are overweight/obese

A

2/3 adults & 1/3 children are overweight/obese

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6
Q

What type of behaviour is primary prevention

A

Health behaviour

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7
Q

What type of behaviour is secondary prevention

A

Illness behaviour

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8
Q

What type of behaviour is treatment

A

Sick-role behaviour

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9
Q

What type of behaviour is ongoing management

A

Self-care behaviour

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10
Q

What generally are behaviours influenced by?

A

Biological Factors Environmental Factors Social Factors Psychological Factors

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11
Q

Give an example of a biological factor

A

genetics Age pre-existing illness

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12
Q

Give an example of an environmental factor

A

avaliability access cost weather

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13
Q

Give an example of a social factor

A

culture class education employment support

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14
Q

Give an example of a psychological factor

A

past/concurrent behaviours/habit personality emotions cognitions

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15
Q

What are cognitions

A

Internal thought processes Active processing of “inputs” –> “output” = behaviour, and even perception of information is an active process.

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16
Q

What are social cognitive factors

A

We develop cognitions as we grow up/experience the world: social = relationships with others/support/pressure/identity Cognitive= internal thought processes

17
Q

How are social cognitive factors acquired

A

through socialisation and learning

18
Q

What are beliefs

A

provide a link between socialisation and behaviour They’re enduring, individual characteristics but can be modifiable

19
Q

What is the sequence of events which occurs in psychological research

A

• Observation: identification of influencing factors • Model: describe how factors combine, interact • Theory: organise known facts as basis for further research • Predictions: specific questions/hypotheses to test • Testing: development of measures, approaches for testing • Revision: on basis of new findings, applications • Intervention: change on basis of model, theory

20
Q

Describe the health belief model (Becker)

A
  • Perceived threat – perceived susceptibility, severity
  • Evaluation of behaviour – pros, cons/barriers
  • Health motivation
  • Cues to action – internal, external
  • =Behaviour
21
Q

What model is this?

A

Health Belief Model

22
Q

State 2 models of motivation/intervention

A
  • Health locus of control Wallston – internal vs. external locus of control
  • Self-determination theory Rogers – intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
  • Health belief model Janz, Becker – Perceived threat, pros & cons
  • Protection-motivation theory Rogers – Threat appraisal, coping appraisal
  • Theory of planned behaviour Fishbein & Ajzen – Intention, attitudes, subjective norm, control
23
Q

Describe ‘Theory of Planned Behaviour’

A
  • From social psychology Fishbein & Ajzen
  • Based on Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
  • Clear, causal ordering of factors
    • Distant - beliefs re: behaviour, others, control
    • Intermediate - attitudes, subjective norms, PC
    • Immediate - intention, perceived control
  • Includes social, predicts intention well
  • BUT, intention-behaviour gap
24
Q

What model is this?

A

Theory of Planned Behaviour

25
Q

Describe the Self-efficacy Theory

A
  • From Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)
  • Motivation and action based on:
    • Situation outcome expectancy beliefs
    • Action outcome expectancy beliefs
    • Perceived self-efficacy (SE) = confidence

SE strongly predicts intention & behaviour across wide range of behaviours. Important in motivation, action, maintenance.

26
Q

Give one model of action/volition

A
  • Social cognitive theory Bandura – Outcome expectancies, self efficacy
  • Implementation intentions Gollwitzer – Plan when, where, how intention à behaviour
  • Control theory / Goal theory Carver & Scheier – Goals, monitoring, feedback, revision of goals
  • Self-regulation = learning from experience
27
Q

Describe the Stage of Change Model

A
  1. Precontemplation …not thought about doing
  2. Contemplation …thought about doing, no plans
  3. Preparation …thought about doing, planning
  4. Action …currently doing or recently started
  5. Maintenance …doing for more than 6 months
  6. Termination, relapse
28
Q

Which model is this?

A

Health Action Process Approach

29
Q

What are illness beliefs?

A

“a patient’s own implicit common-sense beliefs about their illness” (Leventhal et al)

  • Mental representation for recognising symptoms & responding to illness experience
  • Developed through own & others’ experiences, media, education etc
30
Q

What are the five dimensions of beliefs about illness:

A
  1. Identity: label, signs, symptoms
  2. Cause: biological, psychological, multi-factorial
  3. Timeline: duration, pattern
  4. Consequences: short & long term effects on life
  5. Curability/controllability: by themselves/others
31
Q

Describe the Self-regulatory Model

A

Illness beliefs interact with emotional response to influence actions

Symptoms & illness dealt with like other problems (problem solving approach):

  • Interpretation: understanding problem
  • Coping: address problem to re-establish normality
  • Appraisal: assessing success of coping
  • Re-interpretation, additional coping as necessary
32
Q

What model is this?

A

The self-regulatory model

33
Q

Give three critiques of general Social Cognitive Approaches

A
  • Overlap of models & components, inconsistent terminology & definitions
  • Difficulties with operationalisation and measurement
  • Evidence largely cross-sectional (descriptive), need more explanatory (longitudinal, experimental) studies
  • Assume rational, reflective decision making
    • Neglect influence of past behaviour, habits and impulsive processes cued by environment
    • Neglect emotional and moral influences
  • Little on maintenance needed for health outcomes
  • Models of behavioural influences, rather than change
  • Complexity and variability of behaviours, individuals
34
Q
A