Health and Society Flashcards
What is global health?
an area for study, research, and practive that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants and solutions, many disciplines, and collaboration between
synthesis of population based prevention with individual-level care
global vs. international vs public health
global health - transcends national boundaries, health equity among nations, highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary
international health - issues outside of one’s own country, bi-national, prevention and clinical care, help other nations, a few disciplines
publich health - specific communities or countries, national cooperation, prevention only, health equity within a nation, multidisciplinary
What are the major global health problems?
incidence
mortality
years of life lost
years lived with disability
disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
What are the top 10 causes of death in the world?
ischemic heart disease
stroke
lower respiratory infections
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
diarrheal diseases
HIV/AIDS
trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
diabetes mellitus
road injury
preterm birth complications
Which two diseases causes a lot of disability but does not cause death?
malaria and low back pain
DALY
disability adjusted life year - a time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to time live in states of less than full health
disease that kill youn persons will have high DALY lost as compared to those that kill mainly old persons
diseases that may not be leading causes of mortality may cause high DALY lost if they lead to long-term disability
life expectancy
the average expected years of life
total fertility rate
average number of children born per woman
vaccine coverage rate
% of those eligible for a vaccine that receive the vaccine (can be reported either as a partial coverage-have received one dose or or full ocverage-receoved all doses of a vacine)
attended delivery
% of births attended by a skilled health personnel-defined by WHO as a doctor, midwife, or nurse trained to manage at least normal deliveries
WHO
world health organization, global health coordinating agency
MOH
ministry of health - national health coordinating, regulatory and funding agency
Global Health Initiative/PEPFAR
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief - US government funded health delivery and funding programs
Gates Foundation, Medicines Sans Fronteris, Save the Children
examples of NGOs - non-governmental organizations, can be funders of health care, deliverers of healthcare, or both
Which WHO area still has large rates of deaths due to infectious disease?
Africa
top diseases are:
lower respiratory infection
HIV/AIDS
diarrheal diseases
malaria
also the area in the world where women have more deaths due to noncommunicable diseases
global drivers of health transitions
demographic changes - population growth and aging
change in age-specific and sex-specific rates of death - increasing maternal education, income per capita, health expenditure, development assistance
shift toward burden of disease from disability than premature death - what ails is not necessarily what kills
Who delivers global health care?
government
private providers
non-covernmental organizations
faith based organizations
traditional medicine/alternative medicine providers
family/community
Who funds global health care?
patients - through self pay or insurance
employers
national govenrments
international agencies
non-governmental organizations
faith based organizations
international global health agencies
WHO
UNICEF
UNFPA
Global fund for HIV, TB, and Malaria
government agencies that fund overseas projects
USAID, DFID, CIDA, Japan
NGOs that ufnd and provide health care
Gates Foundation, MSF (Doctors Without Borders), care, PSI, FHI, Oxfam
government challenges
sovereignty challenge
sectoral challenge
accuntability challenge
sovereingty challenge
health is primarily a national responsibility
confounds transnational coordination
sectoral challenge
policymaking across multiple sectors: trade, investment, security, environment, migration, education
accountability challenge
who is responsible, particularly when non-state organizations or state considered illegitimate by the people
What is needed for health care delivery?
people (health care workers)
interventions (medicines, devices, treatment algorithms)
infrastructure (facilities, power, water, equipment)
policy (regulations, laws, licensing)
patients
health worker crrisis in Africa
lack of information
limited recruitment into health professions
poor retention of workers
forced early retirement
reduction in work force as part of civil service or health sector reform
voluntary separation from public sector
sickness and death, mainly due to HIV/AIDS
migration
social justice
goals - diminishing the gross inequity seen in the world
go beyond the classic interpretation of “justice” in relation to the allocation of healthcare resource
hope to work towards a just society then go further “upstream” from what is seen and considered the underlying cause of ill health
humility
recognize one’s own limitations
medical training in a developed world context does not translate in all settings
being in a different setting puts one at a disadvantage
key points of the Hippocratic Oath for the international volunteer
secure the esteen of the people of another country, in a collaborative work and see that they get full cretid
strive to eliminate sources of disease everywhere in the world not just for own people
understand diverse cause of disease, including social, economic, and environmental
promote the well-being of mankind not just bodily but with sympathy and consideration for a people’s culture and beliefs
never forget the needs of its individual members
