Health and Society

Question 1

What is global health?

Answer 1

an area for study, research, and practive that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants and solutions, many disciplines, and collaboration between

synthesis of population based prevention with individual-level care

Question 2

global vs. international vs public health

Answer 2

global health - transcends national boundaries, health equity among nations, highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary

international health - issues outside of one’s own country, bi-national, prevention and clinical care, help other nations, a few disciplines

publich health - specific communities or countries, national cooperation, prevention only, health equity within a nation, multidisciplinary

Question 3

What are the major global health problems?

Answer 3

incidence

mortality

years of life lost

years lived with disability

disability-adjusted life years (DALY)

Question 4

What are the top 10 causes of death in the world?

Answer 4

ischemic heart disease

stroke

lower respiratory infections

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

diarrheal diseases

HIV/AIDS

trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

diabetes mellitus

road injury

preterm birth complications

Question 5

Which two diseases causes a lot of disability but does not cause death?

Answer 5

malaria and low back pain

Question 6

DALY

Answer 6

disability adjusted life year - a time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to time live in states of less than full health

disease that kill youn persons will have high DALY lost as compared to those that kill mainly old persons

diseases that may not be leading causes of mortality may cause high DALY lost if they lead to long-term disability

Question 7

life expectancy

Answer 7

the average expected years of life

Question 8

total fertility rate

Answer 8

average number of children born per woman

Question 9

vaccine coverage rate

Answer 9

% of those eligible for a vaccine that receive the vaccine (can be reported either as a partial coverage-have received one dose or or full ocverage-receoved all doses of a vacine)

Question 10

attended delivery

Answer 10

% of births attended by a skilled health personnel-defined by WHO as a doctor, midwife, or nurse trained to manage at least normal deliveries

Question 11

WHO

Answer 11

world health organization, global health coordinating agency

Question 12

MOH

Answer 12

ministry of health - national health coordinating, regulatory and funding agency

Question 13

Global Health Initiative/PEPFAR

Answer 13

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief - US government funded health delivery and funding programs

Question 14

Gates Foundation, Medicines Sans Fronteris, Save the Children

Answer 14

examples of NGOs - non-governmental organizations, can be funders of health care, deliverers of healthcare, or both

Question 15

Which WHO area still has large rates of deaths due to infectious disease?

Answer 15

Africa

top diseases are:

lower respiratory infection

HIV/AIDS

diarrheal diseases

malaria

also the area in the world where women have more deaths due to noncommunicable diseases

Question 16

global drivers of health transitions

Answer 16

demographic changes - population growth and aging

change in age-specific and sex-specific rates of death - increasing maternal education, income per capita, health expenditure, development assistance

shift toward burden of disease from disability than premature death - what ails is not necessarily what kills

Question 17

Who delivers global health care?

Answer 17

government

private providers

non-covernmental organizations

faith based organizations

traditional medicine/alternative medicine providers

family/community

Question 18

Who funds global health care?

Answer 18

patients - through self pay or insurance

employers

national govenrments

international agencies

non-governmental organizations

faith based organizations

Question 19

international global health agencies

Answer 19

WHO

UNICEF

UNFPA

Global fund for HIV, TB, and Malaria

Question 20

government agencies that fund overseas projects

Answer 20

USAID, DFID, CIDA, Japan

Question 21

NGOs that ufnd and provide health care

Answer 21

Gates Foundation, MSF (Doctors Without Borders), care, PSI, FHI, Oxfam

Question 22

government challenges

Answer 22

sovereignty challenge

sectoral challenge

accuntability challenge

Question 23

sovereingty challenge

Answer 23

health is primarily a national responsibility

confounds transnational coordination

Question 24

sectoral challenge

Answer 24

policymaking across multiple sectors: trade, investment, security, environment, migration, education

Question 25

accountability challenge

Answer 25

who is responsible, particularly when non-state organizations or state considered illegitimate by the people

Question 26

What is needed for health care delivery?

Answer 26

people (health care workers)

interventions (medicines, devices, treatment algorithms)

infrastructure (facilities, power, water, equipment)

policy (regulations, laws, licensing)

patients

Question 27

health worker crrisis in Africa

Answer 27

lack of information

limited recruitment into health professions

poor retention of workers

forced early retirement

reduction in work force as part of civil service or health sector reform

voluntary separation from public sector

sickness and death, mainly due to HIV/AIDS

migration

Question 28

social justice

Answer 28

goals - diminishing the gross inequity seen in the world

go beyond the classic interpretation of “justice” in relation to the allocation of healthcare resource

hope to work towards a just society then go further “upstream” from what is seen and considered the underlying cause of ill health

Question 29

humility

Answer 29

recognize one’s own limitations

medical training in a developed world context does not translate in all settings

being in a different setting puts one at a disadvantage

Question 30

key points of the Hippocratic Oath for the international volunteer

Answer 30

secure the esteen of the people of another country, in a collaborative work and see that they get full cretid

strive to eliminate sources of disease everywhere in the world not just for own people

understand diverse cause of disease, including social, economic, and environmental

promote the well-being of mankind not just bodily but with sympathy and consideration for a people’s culture and beliefs

never forget the needs of its individual members