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Foundations 3 > Enteric and Respiratory Viruses > Flashcards

Enteric and Respiratory Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

viruses that enter through the respiratory tract

A

adenovirus

herpesvirus

poxvirus

picornavicrus

togavirus

orthomyxovirus

paramyxovirus

coronavirus

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2
Q

viruses that enter through the mouth, intestinal tract

A

adenovirus

herpesvirus

picornavirus

reovirus

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3
Q

viruses that enter through the skin and mucosa, including sexual transmission

A

papovavirus

herpesvirus

poxvirus

retrovirus

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4
Q

viruses that enter through injection

A

herpesvirus

hepadnavirus

flavivirus

retrovirus

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5
Q

viruses that enter through bites

A

rhabdovirus

togavirus

flavivirus

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6
Q

enteroviruses

A

picorna family

small RNA viruses

many different viruses in the family

most cause mild self-limiting diseases in the gut

includes poliovirus and enterovirus 71

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7
Q

plaque assay

A

used to detect viruses, titer viral stocks, and isolate viruses by limiting dilution

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8
Q

two vaccines for the treatment of polio

A

inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) - invented by Salk, required inactivation with formaldehyde, and poor control resulted in infection with activated virus

oral polio vaccine (OPV) - Sabin, live virus that has been attenuated, produced better immunity because it could enter cells and replicate to an extent

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9
Q

triggering of picornaviruses

A

triggered by binding to receptors, and then VPs 1,2, and 3 allow insertion of internal contents

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10
Q

picornavirus genome

A

only one protein is made called the polyprotein, which is then cleaved into little peptides through autocatalytic means

flaviviruses have the same processes

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11
Q

2BC and 3AB fragments of the picornavirus polyprotein

A

proteins that disrupt the golgi complex and induce production of membranous vesicles

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12
Q

cytopathic effect (CPE)

A

gross changes that occur to cells that include the disruption of the Golgi complex and a dramatic accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles

also the nucleus is poisoned and cellular gene expression is shut down

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13
Q

viral infection and rate of host cell proteins synthesis

A

there is an initial drop in the rate of protein synthesis followed by a gradual increase as the viral mecnahisms restarts the machinery, which overrides the host cell safety mechanisms

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14
Q

eIF2B and viral particle response

A

eIF2B regulates translation by allowing for activation of eIF2 and loading of the methionine amino acid at the start site

when there are high levels of dsRNAs, protein kinase R activates and phosphorylates eIF2, which binds to eIF2B and inactivates the compound, therefore stalling translation

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15
Q

methods that viruses can use to stop cell translation

A

cleavage of the cap proteins

dephosphorylation of the cap proteins

poliovirus can also degrade protein kinase R to ensure that its own genes can be replicated

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16
Q

internal ribosome entry sequence

A

particular sequences on viral RNAs that allow for translation to begin in the middle of an RNA strand and is cap-independent

viruses can use inactivated protein machinery to make its own proteins

17
Q

picornavirus 2A protein

A

cleaves eIF4G and prevents cells from responding to infection

18
Q

picornavirus 3CD

A

enters nucleus and cleaves TATA binding protein

ensures that minimal amounts of endogenous RNA are being transcribed or translated

19
Q

astroviruses

A

calici family

naked, +ss

no viral polymerase

virion diameter is 35-49 nm

genome size is 8 kb

RNA virus, naked

20
Q

rotavirus

A

reo family

rare dsRNA genome, 10-18 segments

virion polymerase present

viron diameter 60-80nm

22-27kb genome size

RNA virus

21
Q

norovirus

A

calici family (see astrovirus)

+ssRNA genome

highly contagious and highly stable, not inactivated by alcohol or mild detergents

most common cause of gastroenteritis and foodborne disease outbreaks

no good protective immunity, high mutation rate

22
Q

rotavirus infection

A

transmission is by fecal-oral route

infections can occur at any age but diarrheal disease occurs mostly in infants and children

high incidence of infection

immunity becomes more protective with every infection (disease attenuates with each infection)

major cause of gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization

23
Q

structure of the rotavirus

A

three shells

third outer layer is a membrane without lipids

when the virus fuses, left with inner two shells as the outer membrane disappears

dsRNA is the minus strand of the RNA that the polymerase is going to transcribe

24
Q

How does the rotavirus survive with a dsRNA genome?

A

It synthesizes RNA inside the shell that gets into the cell and shoots out single-stranded RNA, avoiding cell dsRNA sensors

25
Q

viroplasm

A

a designated area of the cytoplasm of the cell where the assembly of new virions occurs

26
Q

VP4

A

a rotavirus protein that is activated by low pH to enhance infection of villi in the small intestine

27
Q

NSP4

A

an enterotoxin secreted by rotaviruses that promotes diahhrea

functions as an integral membrane protein, required for envelopment of the double-layered virus particles but is then removed concomitant with the removal of the envelope and addition of the outer later

a secreted fragment can bind to cell receptors that trigger the mobilization of intracellular calcium, stimulating anion movement across membranes, and causes fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen

28
Q

typical viruses that cause the common cold

A

adenoviruses

coronaviruses

respiratory syncytial virus

rhinoviruses

29
Q

rhinoviruses

A

more than 100 serotypes known, accounts for half of all colds

30
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

doe snot induce durable protective immunity, can keep infecting the same host

leading cause of bronchiolitis

31
Q

parainfluenza

A

causes croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

only four serotypes and all produce protective immunity, generally limited to children

32
Q

parovirus B19

A

causes fifth disease

bable to invade RBC precursors in the bone marrow

most common infectious disease that causes miscarriage due to loss of RBC production resulting in fetal anemia

no recurrent infections

non-enveloped, small single-stranded linear DNA genome

spread by respiratory droplets

may cause arthritis

33
Q

Human Bocavirus 1 (HBoV1)

A

causes acute respiratory tract infection

one of the leading causes of hospitalization of young children

commonly detected in association with other respiratory viruses

causes lower respiratory infections associated with wheezing

can be life-threatening in pediatric patients

34
Q

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

A

coronavirus, enveloped, +ssRNA, 9 protein derived from a single polyprotein

caused by coronavirus that crossed into humans from civets

contagious and fatal in 6% of cases

spread by respiratory droplets and fecal matter

10-20% of infected individuals require intensive care

35
Q

measles

A

paramyxovirus, -ssRNA, 15-19kb, encodes 6-10 genes

highly contagious

spread by respiratory droplets

causes fever with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (3 C’s)

rash appears several days later

complications common and severe in adults (diarrhea, pneumonia, encephalitis, corneal ulceration and scarring)

36
Q

mumps

A

paramyxovirus (related to measles)

painful swelling of salivary glands, and less commonly the testicles

can cuase sterility in men

no antiviral treatment

37
Q

rubella

A

Foundations 3 (20 decks)

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