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APC Prep - Building Surveying > Health and Safety > Flashcards

Health and Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What is CDM 2015?

A

The main piece of health and safety legislation for the construction process and applies to all construction projects. It identifies dutyholders under the regs what each each must do to comply with the law to ensure projects are carried out safely

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2
Q

What are the roles referred to under CDM 2015?

A

Clients, domestic clients, designers, principal designers, contractors, principal contractors and workers.

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3
Q

What is a principal designer?

A

The designer appointed in writing by the client. They can be an organisation or an individual.

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4
Q

What is a principal designer responsible for?

A

They have 7 duties under regulation 11 of CDM 2015.

They have control of the pre-construction phase of the project.
They may have separate duties as designers.
They influence how the risks to health and safety should be managed and incorporated into the wider management of a project.
They should focus their work on ensuring the design work in the pre-construction phase contributes to the delivery of positive health and safety outcomes.
They must ensure as far as responsibly practicable that foreseeable risks to health and safety are identified. They prepare the health and safety file.

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5
Q

A principal designer must have…

A
  • Technical knowledge of the construction industry relevant to the project.
  • Skills to manage and coordinate the pre-construction phase.
  • Where they are an organisation, have organisational capability to carry out the role.
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6
Q

What should the principal designer do when the pre-construction information is prepared?

A
  • Assess the adequacy of existing information to identify any gaps
  • Provide advice to the client on how gaps can be filled
  • Provide, as far as they are able to, the additional information to help designers and contractors.
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7
Q

Risks should be addressed by…

A

General principle of prevention - Eliminate, reduce, control

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8
Q

If the principal designer’s appointment finishes before the end of the project, the health and safety file must be passed to…

A

The principal contractor

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9
Q

A project is notifiable if…

A

A construction project is notifiable if the construction work is expected to:

  • last longer than 30 working days and have more than 20 workers working at the same time at any point on the project or
  • exceed 500 person days

The HSE can be notified by filling out an electronic F10 form.

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10
Q

What is a client?

A

anyone for whom a construction project is carried out.

There can be more than one client but must be agreed which one is responsible for carrying out the requirements of CDM 2015.

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11
Q

What should clients consider when making appointments?

A

They must ensure those they appoint have the skills, knowledge, experience, and (if an organisation) the organisational capability to manage health and safety risks.

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12
Q

What is a designer?

A

Anyone who prepares or modifies a design for a construction project (including the design of temporary works); or arranges for, or instructs someone else to do so.

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13
Q

A designer must not start design work unless…

A

They are satisfied the client is aware of their duties under CDM 2015.

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14
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

A risk assessment is a systematic method of looking at work activities, considering what could go wrong, and deciding on suitable control measures.

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15
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm
to someone. The harm could be an injury or ill health.

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16
Q

What is a risk?

A

Risk is the likelihood (whether high or low) of the harm being realised.

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17
Q

What types of risk assessment are there?

A
  • Qualitative Risk Assessment
  • Quantitative Risk Assessment
  • Generic Risk Assessment
  • Site-Specific Risk Assessment
  • Dynamic Risk Assessment
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18
Q

How can risks be controlled?

A
  1. Elimination - Redesign the activity or substitute a substance so that the hazard is removed or
    eliminated.
  2. Substitution - Replace the materials used or the proposed work process with a less hazardous one.
  3. Engineering Controls - Use work equipment to reduce risk.
  4. Administrative controls - These are all about identifying and implementing the procedures needed to work
    safely.
  5. PPE - Only after all the previous measures have been tried and found ineffective in
    controlling risks to a reasonably practicable level must personal protective equipment
    (PPE) be used.
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19
Q

What are some examples of using engineering controls to reduce risks?

A

Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where you cannot avoid
working at height. Install or use additional machinery such as local exhaust ventilation
to control risks from dust or fumes. Separate the hazard from operators by methods
such as enclosing or guarding dangerous items of machinery/equipment.

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20
Q

What is qualitative Risk assessment?

A

A qualitative risk assessment will look at the risk of somebody being injured, and if that is high, medium or low. The risk is calculated by the severity of harm x likelihood of harm.

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21
Q

What is a Quantitative Risk Assessment?

A

The quantitative risk assessment is used to measure risk by assigning a numerical value. Often qualitative risk assessments might assign numbers to different levels of risk such as a 5x5 matrix. These are often colour coded to indicate the severity of the hazard.

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22
Q

What is a Generic Risk Assessment?

A

A generic risk assessment will often be used for similar activities or equipment across different sites, departments or companies.

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23
Q

What is a Site-Specific Risk Assessment?

A

A site-specific risk assessment is a risk assessment that has been completed for a specific item of work, that takes account of the site-location, environment, and people doing the work

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24
Q

What is a Dynamic Risk Assessment?

A

A dynamic risk assessment is a process of assessing risk in an on the spot situation. This type of risk assessment is often used to cope with unknown risks and handling uncertainty. Workers need to have the skills and awareness to recognise and deal with danger.

For example, before embarking on the
planned activity, continually re-evaluate:
- Is the activity still safe to continue?
- Is the working environment still safe for the activity to
continue?
- Are all those working still within their limit of
competence (skills, knowledge and experience)?
If not, they should assume the authority to remove
themselves and their colleagues from danger.
- Are there appropriate control measures in place?
- Can everyone still get to a place of safety in an
emergency?

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25
Q

What are the steps to undertaking a risk assessment?

A

here are typically 5 steps to a risk assessment;
Step 1: Identify hazards, anything that may cause harm.
Step 2: Decide who may be harmed, and how.
Step 3: Assess the risks and take action.
Step 4: Make a record of the findings.
Step 5: Review the risk assessment.
Step 6: Advise all those affected of the outcome of the assessment and methods of work, or other control measures necessary, to minimise or eliminate risk.

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26
Q

What are the 3 main colours of asbestos

A

White - Chrysotile
Brown - Amosite
Blue - Crocidolite

27
Q

What are some examples of asbestos-containing materials?

A

HSE Guide 264 Appendix 2 identifies ACMs in order of ease of fibre release. To name a few;

  • Asbestos cement board
  • Cement Pipes
  • Blown-in insulation & Spray-applied insulation (Flock)
    Boiler Insulation
  • Fire prevention; Fire curtains, Fire blankets, Fire doors
  • Packing materials
  • Pipe lagging
  • Textured ceilings (Artex)
  • Vinyl floor tiles
  • Vinyl sheet flooring
28
Q

When was asbestos banned?

A

Chrysotile was banned in 1999 (Serpentine)

Amosite and Crocidolite banned in 1985 (Amphibole)

29
Q

What is serpentine asbestos?

A

A class of asbestos (2 mains) – Serpentine class fibres are curly in appearance. There is only one member in this class of asbestos, called Chrysotile.

30
Q

What are amphibole class asbestos fibres?

A

Amphibole class fibres are needle-like in form. The remaining 5 types of asbestos fall into this category, including Crocidolite, Amosite, Tremosite, Anthophyllite and Actinolite.

31
Q

What is relevant asbestos regulation?

A

Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012

32
Q

What legal duties does the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 establish?

A

The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 (Regulation 4) creates a legal duty to manage asbestos. If asbestos is present, or is presumed to be present, then it must be managed appropriately. An asbestos register will contain;
The location of any ACMs.
The type of asbestos they contain.
The condition of the materials.

33
Q

What should an asbestos register contain?

A

An asbestos register will contain;
The location of any ACMs.
The type of asbestos they contain.
The condition of the materials.

34
Q

What asbestos works require a licensed contractor?

A

Most higher-risk work with asbestos must only be done by a licensed contractor.

The Control of Asbestos Regulations define licensable work as follows:

  • where the exposure of workers to asbestos is not sporadic and of low intensity
  • the risk assessment cannot clearly demonstrate that the control limit will not be exceeded
  • work on asbestos coatings
  • work on asbestos insulating board or asbestos insulation for which the risk assessment demonstrates it is not short duration work, for example:
    it will take no more than 2 hours in any 7-day period, and no person works for more than 1 hour in that 2-hour period
35
Q

What asbestos works do not require a license?

A

To be exempt from needing a licence the work must be:

  • Sporadic and of low intensity - to be considered sporadic and of low intensity the concentration of asbestos in the air should not exceed 0.6f/cm3 measured over 10 minutes
  • Carried out in such a way that the exposure of workers to asbestos will not exceed the legal control limit of 0.1 asbestos fibres per cubic centimetre of air (0.1 f/cm3) (averaged over a four hour period)
  • Meet at least one of the four following conditions:
    1. It is a short non-continuous maintenance task, with only non-friable materials (friability describes how likely an ACM is to release asbestos fibres when worked on, so non-friable materials will only release a small number of fibres during work); or
    2. It is a removal task, where the ACMs are in reasonable condition and are not being deliberately broken up, and the asbestos fibres are firmly contained within a matrix, eg. the asbestos is coated, covered or contained within another material, such as cement, paint or plastic; or
    3. It is a task where the ACMs are in good condition and are being sealed or encapsulated to ensure they are not easily damaged in the future; or
    4. It is an air monitoring and control task to check fibre concentrations in the air, or it’s the collection and analysis of asbestos samples to confirm the presence of asbestos in a material.
36
Q

What are examples of licensable asbestos work?

A
  • removing sprayed coatings (limpet asbestos)
  • removal or other work which may disturb pipe lagging
  • involving loose fill insulation
  • on asbestos millboard
  • cleaning up significant quantities of loose/fine debris containing ACM dust (where the work is not sporadic and of low intensity, the control limit will be exceeded or it is not short duration work)
  • on AIB, where the risk assessment indicates that it will not be of short duration
37
Q

Examples of notifiable non-licensed work with asbestos

A

Removal of:

  • asbestos cement products (eg roof sheeting) where the material will be substantially damaged or broken up (eg as a result of fire or flood damage)
  • asbestos cement products (eg roof sheeting) where the material will be substantially broken up, creating significant quantities of dust and debris (eg ‘dropping’ an asbestos cement roof)
  • asbestos paper and cardboard products if not firmly bonded in a matrix

Short duration work:

  • to remove asbestos insulating board as part of a refurbishment project
  • involving asbestos insulation eg repairing minor damage to a small section of pipe insulation where the exterior coating has been broken or damaged

Other work on:

  • large-scale removal of textured decorative coatings using steaming or gelling methods (eg beyond that required for maintenance activities such as installation/replacement of smoke alarms and fittings)
38
Q

Notifiable non licensed what is that?

A

All non-licensed work needs to be carried out with the appropriate controls in place. However, for some types of work , employers must meet additional requirements. This is known as notifiable non-licensed work or NNLW, and requires employers to:

  • notify work with asbestos to the relevant enforcing authority
  • designate (identify) areas where the work is being done
  • ensure medical examinations are carried out
  • maintain registers of work (health records)
39
Q

What does friable asbestos mean?

A

Friable means easily crumbled or reduced to powder. So the more friable a material is, the more likely it will release asbestos fibres when worked on and the greater the risk of exposure. Work which disturbs more friable materials, eg asbestos pipe insulation, will tend to be NNLW and work which disturbs the least friable materials, eg asbestos cement, can normally be treated as non-licensed work.

40
Q

What is Legionnaires?

A

The term Legionnaires is used to describe bacterial infections including Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever. Most people catch Legionnaires’ disease by inhaling the bacteria from water or soil.

Outbreaks of the illness occur from exposure to legionella growing in purpose-built systems where water is maintained at a temperature high enough to encourage growth, eg cooling towers, evaporative condensers, hot and cold water systems and spa pools used in all sorts of premises (work and domestic).

41
Q

What legislation and guidance covers legionnaires?

A

Duties under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSWA) extend to risks from legionella bacteria, which may arise from work activities. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (MHSWR) provide a broad framework for controlling health and safety at work. More specifically, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) provide a framework of actions designed to assess, prevent or control the risk from bacteria like Legionella and take suitable precautions. The Approved Code of Practice: Legionnaires’ disease: The control of Legionella bacteria in water systems (L8) contains practical guidance on how to manage and control the risks in your system.

As an employer, or a person in control of the premises, you are responsible for health and safety and need to take the right precautions to reduce the risks of exposure to legionella.

42
Q

What are some sources of Legionella?

A

Typical sources include;

  • Cooling towers
  • Pipework (dead legs)
  • Water storage tanks
  • Hot water systems
  • Spa pools
  • Natural (soil, ground water, sea water)
43
Q

When is Legionella active?

A

Legionella is active between 20 & 46°C with its optimum temperature being 37°C.

44
Q

How can Legionella be prevented?

A
  • Temperature regulation below 20°C or above 60°C
  • Installation of drift eliminators
  • Biocides such as oxidization agents
    -UV disinfection
  • Regular maintenance (keep the system and water clean)
  • keep records of these and other actions taken, such as maintenance or repair work
  • Regular risk assessment, monitoring inspections, checks and testing
45
Q

What was the Hackitt Review?

A

A series of 53 recommendations to improve safety of construction and buildings following the Grenfell Tower tragedy. Her recommendations formed “Building a safer future review” which identified unsatisfactory processes and practices within the industry.

46
Q

What were some recommendations in the Hackitt Review?

A
  • Ban of the use of combustible cladding
  • Improve regulatory oversight
  • Improve the change control process
  • Introduce a new building safety regulator
47
Q

What are the principles of the working at height regulations?

A

1 - Avoid working at height where practical
2 - Where it cannot be avoided to prevent falls using a safe place or safety equipment.
3 - Minimise the distance and consequences of a fall e.g. crash deck.

48
Q

What is the aim of the working at height regulations 2005

A

To prevent death and injury caused by a fall from height

49
Q

What are some example of Primary H&S legislation

A
  • Building Act 1984
  • HASAWA 1974
  • Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
50
Q

What are some examples of Secondary H&S legislation

A
  • Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)
  • Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012
  • Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015 (CDM)
  • Working at Height Regulations 2005
  • Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
  • Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
  • Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR)
  • Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2018
  • Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR)
  • Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
  • The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)
51
Q

What is Surveying Safely 2nd edition?

A

A guidance note produced by the RICS covering the following topics;

  • Visiting sites
  • Undertaking risk assessments
  • Lone working
  • Personal responsibilities
  • Corporate responsibilities
  • Occupational health and hygiene
  • Fire safety
52
Q

How do you undertake an inspection?

A

I would undertake an inspection in accordance with Surveying Safely 2nd edition;

Before visiting sites - PPE check, Access, appropriate instruction, notify colleague etc

Checklist of things to consider - PVP occupants, lone working, site rules, roofs, Diseases, hazardous substances, unsafe atmospheres, ensure risk assessment is accurate etc

Securing the site and leaving - the premises or site should be left secure and any occupier or manager who is present at the premises or site should be informed that you are leaving.

Review on completion of the visit - any accidents, incidents or ‘near miss’ occurrences, any high risk hazards that need to be reported, lessons learnt etc

53
Q

What is the HSE?

A

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is Britain’s national regulator for workplace health and safety. It prevents work-related death, injury and ill health.

UK government agency responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks.

54
Q

When is an accident reportable?

A

accidents resulting in the death of any person

accidents resulting in specified injuries to workers

non-fatal accidents requiring hospital treatment to non-workers

dangerous occurrences

55
Q

What are some examples of reportable RIDDORS

A

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome,
Amputation, crush to head or torso, Fractures
mesothelioma, legionella

56
Q

What is RIDDOR

A

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

57
Q

When are RIDDORS exempt

A

Accidents during medical or dental treatment,
accidents involving a moving vehicle on a public road,
accidents to members of the armed forces on duty.

58
Q

What is the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992

A

This regulation is secondary legislation to the HASAWA 1974 and sets of broad general duties aimed at improving health and safety management and cover;

Risk Assessments
Health surveillance
Training
Procedures for imminent danger

59
Q

What are Regulations?

A

Regulations are law, approved by Parliament. These are usually made under the Health and Safety at Work Act, following proposals from HSC. This applies to regulations based on EU Directives as well as ‘home­grown’ ones.

60
Q

What is Guidance

A

HSE publishes guidance on a range of subjects. Guidance can be specific to the health and safety problems of an industry or of a particular process used in a number of industries.

61
Q

What are Approved Codes Of Practice

A

Approved Codes of Practice as defined in the HSE’s “Health and safety regulation a short guide”. They offer practical examples of good practice. They give advice on how to comply with the law by, for example, providing a guide to what is ‘reasonably practicable’.

62
Q

What is the “safe person concept”?

A

RICS considers the concept of a ‘safe person’ to mean
that each individual assumes individual behavioural responsibility for their own, their colleagues’ and others’ health and safety while at work.

63
Q
A

APC Prep - Building Surveying (12 decks)

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