Health and Nature

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

• Multiple representations of nature
• Nuture as “out there” and a separate entity to human cultures
• Nature as being socially constructed by people (Hill farming created more “clear hill views”
• Nature is created through entanglement of humans and wild nature

Question 2

Hedonic Welbeing

Answer 2

A person’s happiness and pleasure

Question 3

Eudaimonic Wellbein

Answer 3

A person’s sense of satisfaction, meaning and purpose

Question 4

What may cause disconnection with nature?

Answer 4

• Increased urbanisation and time spent indoors
• Reduced risky play and fear of being outside the home
• Reduced connection with food production

Question 5

Untherapeutic encounters

Answer 5

Milligan and Bingley’s 2007 research regarding young people and woodlands demostrated that the therapeutic value of nature spaces is ambigeous (how the individuals values nature)

Question 6

Stress reduction theory

Answer 6

• Developed by Roger Ulrich (1983)
• Uses photography
• Suggests unthreatening environments support human wellbeing
• View from a hospital window of a natural scene led to reduced hospital stays, less negative patient comments and reduced pain medication

Question 7

Biophilia

Answer 7

• 1994 hypothesis by Edward Wilsons
• Proposes that humans have an innate emotional affiliation with the natural environment due to evolving adaptive responses
• Adaptive responses can be both posistive or negative
• The Savannah to Gardens (clear view, water bodies and vantage points)
• May be overestimating the evolutionary origins

Question 8

Attention restoration theory

Answer 8

• Developed by Rachel and Stephen Kaplan
• Uses photography
• Four themes of restoration (Being away,, fascinatination, extent and compatiblity)
• Doesn’t take up energy due to involuntary attention
• Based on a concept of mental fatigue

Question 9

Therapeutic landscapes

Answer 9

• Developed by Wilbert Gesler (1992)
• Focusing on extraordinary places that had a reputation for healing like natural spas
• Cultural and spiritally sigificance

Question 10

Nature connectedness

Answer 10

• Richardson 2023
• Considers a reciprocal relationship with nature as we are a part of it
• Passive contact is not enough, must led to regular, emotional, sensory relationship with nature
• Pro-conservation and pro-environmental behaviours such as litter picks

Question 11

Who benefits?

Answer 11

• “We are all paying for national landscapes through our tazes and yet sometimes on our visits, it has felt as if National parks are a exclusive, mainly white, mainly middle-class club”
• Children from black, Asian and minority Ethnic backgrounds are half as likely to visit the countryside
• 92% of the countryside and 97% of rivers are off limits to the public

Question 12

Physical environments

Answer 12

• Natural beauty and constructed design (spa)
• Gesler investigated the greeze Ascepian Santuary (1993), which provided visitors with a sense of refuge and security

Question 13

Symbolic Environments

Answer 13

• Fountain in hospital grounds may symbolise tranquility and rejuvination
• Buzinde and Yarnal investigated medical tourism which link leisure travel symbolism with medical intervention

Question 13

Social Environments

Answer 13

• Healing is a social activity with interaction with support systems
• Milligan (2004) found commornal gardening created inclusionary soaces to combat isolation and promote social networks